Discuss distributive justice and procedural justice. Explain how Essay

Discuss distributive justice and procedural justice. Explain how managers can use these concepts - Essay exercisehe employees ar dealt in an equal manner in terms of paying employees salaries without any biasness with other employees, the working hours of the employees, the basis of promotion, the rewards and bonuses offered to employees are all on an equal basis. No one employee is favored over another employee in this type of justice (Masterson et al, 750).Procedural justice in an system of rules means that the managers are making decisions in the firm on grounds of fair dealing. All legal, ethical, social and other issues are considered while the manager decides upon any certain organization issue. The employees are concerned about the reasons behind any decision (Bakshi, Kumar and Rani, 150).It is important for managers to demonstrate both distributive and procedural justice in organizations so that employees endure satisfied with the organization. Talented and skilled employ ees may leave the organization if they feel that they are being unfairly treated and also they may be ungratified with the organizations decision making. Hence managers can use both these concepts of distributive justice and procedural justice in ensuring that they manage their workforce successfully. fit employees tend to perform according to the goals and objectives of the organization. If employees know that they would be treated fairly and they know that the decisions made by the managers are on fair grounds therefore the level of motivation for employees in working hard boosts immensely. If managers are evaluating the performances of the employees on personal terms and then they are violating the standard regulations of the organization, and this way there is no justice prevailing in the organization. Employees may not be loyal to the firm.Managers need to design standard pay and policies of promotion and accordingly reward the employee on their performance. If a low performin g employee has been given promotion then this may cause employees to be highly dissatisfied with the firm as the

Love indicates peace in anti-war films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Love indicates quiescence in anti-war films - Essay Exampletuation during the American war that had tore the country down the centre into the confederates and the union patriots, the the grand illusion (1937) depicts the situation of the First World War, where the French and the German are enemies in the war (Nugent, 1938). Nevertheless, while there is antagonism in the two films, love remains the only bond that reunites the different factions into one core interest groups, through overcoming the ethnic and the territorial boundary restrictions, to make much(prenominal) factions unite. The two films are characterized by war in the bulk of their scenes, and only in few scenes do we have the theme of love demonstrated. However, despite the stingy of love theme in these films, love eventually manages to overcome the dominant theme of war by the end of the films, and consequently the different warring factions in the two films end up as one society that is united by friendship and lo ve. Therefore, love is a tool that has been applied to indicate peace in the two anti-war films.The film the grand illusion (1937) is characterized by the notable cordial relationship that is established between two French aviators namely de Boeldieu who is an low Captain and Lieutenant Marchal, who is a member of the working-class (Nugent, 1938). The two aviators set on a journey to discover a certain impression spot from an earlier air reconnaissance mission, and in the process they are shot down by a German aviator, who is also an aristocrat (Roger, 1999). spell the French and the Germans are warring parties and enemies, the fact that both von Rauffenstein and the Frenchman Captain de Boeldieu are aristocrats, melts down their enmity and differences, and they establish a strong friendship that sustains their relationship amidst numerous nationality and ethnic challenges. Therefore, the two characters eventually develop a connection that makes them sideline their own countrymen , for the sake of their friendship that is built on the basis of

The Age of Rapid Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

The Age of Rapid Globalization - Essay ExampleIn the developed countries like United States, United Kingdom, and Europe, racial discrimination is still be practiced within the white population. While the world is becoming a global village, it is unfortunate that lack of interest and understanding seem to be creating the great divide among the people coming from different race, culture, and nationality.In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the color of the skin played a major role in the brotherly status. The whites maintained a racial divide within the society through the deliberate use of powerful lobby of the whites and financial advantages that they enjoyed over their less permit counterparts. The blacks were not allowed to participate in social activities and even education was denied to them so that they would remain unequal socially and economically. In the book I know wherefore the caged birds sing, the author has given a new meaning to the finishing school and where, according to the protagonist, a young black girl .. white girls wise to(p) to waltz.. During the tenth year, a white womans kitchen became my finishing school (Angelou, p101). Maya Angelou has sensitively portrayed the social paradigm that the whites and the ethnic minority change within the same social structure. Richard Wright is yet another writer who has written about the plights of the blacks and ethnic minorities with great understanding mainly because he had undergone those harrowing experiences of cosmos a black, especially in a society which was dominated by whites. In The Ethics of Living Jim Crow An Autobiographical Sketch, he says that he was not even allowed to learn because he was told by his white colleagues at work this is a white mans work around here, and you better watch yourself (Wright, 291).

Problem Solving Essay Example for Free

Problem Solving EssayHow did you interpret the fuss?The first beat I read the task, Ive interpreted it as a mental exercise to test how I displace apply my problem-solving skills. I saw the problem as something that needs a combination of strategy and logic to solve. Ive met a problem of a similar nature sometime ago. Although it was of a different kind, the idea is the same. This problem testament turn out to be confusing at first, but once Ill get a clearer picture of the sequence, then solving it leave behind become possible. What strategy did you use and how did you evaluate your progress?At the start, Ive used the trial and error method. By picking a random animal, I was satisfactory to find a step-by-step process that solved the problem. I was able to evaluate my progress by constantly checking that I have followed the given conditions and the attempts at crossing have not produced negative results. By successfully transferring one animal from one bank to another, t ime the remaining two were compatible told me that the locomote I was following were correct.The first step I employed is to list down the given conditions in this problem. These arei) dog and cat cant be together and ii) cat and computer mouse cant be together.Having those two sets of conditions, the next thing I did is to put the cat on the raft, leaving the dog and mouse on the riverbank. That first attempt proved to be a failure because I dont know yet how to make the raft return to the other placement without an animal on it. The next thing I tried is to load the dog and the cat on the raft together to see if nothing will happen to the cat. The condition notwithstanding said that the cat will get eaten if left on the riverbank with the dog. But on reading the problem again, it says that only one animal can ride on the raft. After discovering that the raft will cross the river without an animal, solving the problem became easy.River Problem 2The problem can be solved by firs t leaving the cat on the other side while the man goes back to pick the dog. On his modal value back, hell bring the cat with him. Upon reaching the bank, hell bring the mouse and leave the cat. He will then deposit the mouse with the dog while he goes back to fetch the cat.Did you encounter any obstacles while solving the problem?Yes. The first obstacle that Ive encountered is how to make one animal cross, leave it on the opposite bank, and bring the raft back to where the remaining animals are. After Ive found out that the raft can travel across the river without an animal on it, the problem became easier to solve.Were you aware of this thought process as you worked through the problem?Yes, I was aware of how my mind was processing these thoughts as I was working through the problem. This is fundamentally a logic exercise, which suggests that in order to properly assess the problem, its necessary that youre aware of how your thought process is developing.

Accounting and Finance For Business Essay Example for Free

Accounting and Finance For Business EssayWhile these tutorial tasks MUST be submitted individually, you are encourage to work through these tasks together with the other members of your team, both during this weeks tutorial and in your own time. This is a good opportunity to ensure that all members of your group can calculate a breakeven turn on before and after-tax, a margin of safety and make a managerial conclusiveness regarding the addition of a new product (in this tutorial exercise, the addition of a new route). All answers must be inserted into the on-line form provided in LMS titled, proceeds 9 Tutorial Exercises.Kangaroo AirlinesKangaroo Airlines in small local carrier located in the Kimberly region of Western Australia. All seats are economy conformation and the following data is available1.What is the break-even point in consequence of riders per month?300002.What is the break-even point in sales revenue dollars per month?21000003.What is the break-even point in public figure of flights per month (round up)?3344.If Kangaroo Airline currently has on average 40,000 passengers per month what is Kangaroo Airlines margin of safety in number of passengers?5.If Kangaroo Airlines raises its average full passenger fare to $85 and theaverage variable costs per passenger will remain at $30, it is estimated that the load factor will decrease to 60 part. What will be the break-even point in number of flights (round up)?6.The cost of aviation fuel is a significant variable cost to any airline. If fuel charges increase by $8 per barrel, it is estimated that variable cost per passenger will increase to $40 however that average full passenger fare will remain at the original $70 per passenger as will the original load factor of 75 percent. What will be the new break-even point in number of passengers?7.The cost of aviation fuel is a significant variable cost to any airline. If fuel charges increase by $8 per barrel, it is estimated that variable cost per passenger will increase to $40 however the average full passenger fare will remain at the original $70 per passenger as will the original load factor of 75%. What will be the new break-even point in number of passengers? What will be the new break-even point in number of flights (round up)?8.Kangaroo Airlines has experienced an increase in average variable cost per passenger to $35 and an increase in fixed costs to $1,500,000. Kangaroo Airlines has opinionated to increase the average full passenger fare to $80. How many of passengers are needed to generate an after-tax profit of $400,000, if the company tax rate is 30 percent (round up)?

Causes of Dyslexia

Causes of DyslexiaPossible Causes of DyslexiaDyslexia is a learning disability that causes indicant and language difficulties, in terms of spoken or written. Today, there be many a(prenominal) searches actively taking place regarding the fundamental causes of dyslexia (Temple, 2002 Ramus 2001 2003) and a number of possibilities ar beginning to emerge but the specific cause is yet to be discovered. withal, there be several theories proposed by specialist doctors and researchers and also some evidence which can help in clarifying the origin of this condition and they believed that these are the manageable causes which are brokertic inheritance, neurological differences, phonological indisposition and last but not least, turn arounding problem.Genetic InheritanceDyslexia is inherited in families, and is often accompanied by left(p)-handedness which believed by most of the researchers. However, it also cannot be generalized that all dyslectic parent will befuddle a dyslexic child or a left-handed child will harbour dyslexia, yet according to them, it can identified that between a third and a half of children who keep learning difficulties history and more than half who have a family member who is left-handed are dyslexic people.That inherited genes run in the family have a defect that will cause a problem with the development of a particular kind of nerve cell in the brain. The defects in that genes which associated with problems in interpreting performance are known as DCDC2. It was found by a team at the Yale School of Medicine which also reported that this defective gene appears to interact with KIAA0319, a second dyslexia gene. In the journal Dyslexia, Dutch scientists reported that dyslexia is a highly heritable learning illness that has a complex ancestral architecture. They also added that they can identified several candidate genes which related to the reading performance that may contribute to dyslexia susceptibility.Fortunately, there ar e many researches are carried disclose in the recent years due to the advancement of technology in brain-scanning. With that, they are able to examine and compare the brain of dyslexic and non-dyslexic children. For comparison, the researchers have spy that bunch of cells are found beneath the surface of dyslexic childrens brain which lie on the surface in the brain of non-dyslexic children. These cells are purportedly moving when the brain was developing in the foetus which is to the surface of the brain but they failed and these defected cells are known as ectopic cells (like an ectopic pregnancy, where the egg fails to procure the womb and is fertilized in the Fallopian tube). They can be found mostly in the front and left area of the brain which are very important for reading and writing ability. Besides that, they also traced that an area of the brain named magno-cellular system is smaller where it deals with the ability to see moving images. Due to this, dyslexic children will have difficulties in reading process, where the brain has to interpret the different garners and words at a faster rate as they scan words and sentences with their eyes. neurologic DifferencesNeurological or brain differences is the cause of dyslexia where right hemisphere of the brain is larger than non-dyslexic children and they are having strong activity in the right side of their brain. Due to that, dyslexic children are always known to have significant strengths in areas which controlled by the right side of the brain such as musical talent, artistic, athletic and many more. Because of that, they are engaging this area frequently while performing language tasks. However, language tasks are known to be most efficiently performed in the left side of the brain. These differences collar to dyslexia which consists of structural and functional brain differences.Firstly, in structural, the brain is made up mainly of deuce types of material which are gray issuance and white mat ter. white-haired matter can be found at the lower part of the brain whereas white matter is within the deeper parts of the brain. Gray and white matter are composed of nerve cells and connective fibers covered in myelin, the coating designed to facilitate communication between nerves respectively. The capital function of gray matter is processing information while white matter is responsible for transferring information around the brain. According to Booth and Burman (2001), they found that children with dyslexia have less gray matter in the left parietotemporal area than non-dyslexic individuals. This could lead to problems processing of the sound structure of language (phonological cognisance).Furthermore, it can be said that dyslexic children who have less white matter in this same area, which is important as more white matter is correlated with increased reading cleverness (Deutsch, Dougherty, Bammer, Siok, Gabrieli, Wandell, 2005). If the white matter is less, the ability or efficiency of the regions of the brain to communicate with one another is less as well.In functional brain differences, operable Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is known as a method that measures physiological signs of neural activation victimisation a strong magnet to pass with flying colors blood flow. This technique is called functional because participants perform tasks while in (or under) the magnet, allowing measurement of the functioning brain rather than the activity of the brain at rest. Several studies using functional imaging techniques that compared the brain activation patterns of readers with and without dyslexia show potentially important patterns of differences.For example, a research is carried out by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the capital of Massachusetts Childrens Hospital where 40 children had their brains scanned using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). They also had their pre-reading skills assessed. The children are at the age wher e they are the beginners in reading process. The brain scans were expression at the arcuate fasciculus (a junction that connects the areas of the brain responsible for written and spoken language). From the study, it can be identified that the more robust this brain naval division in children, the more likely they are to perform well on the pre-reading test of phonological awareness.Phonological DisorderUsually, for regular children, they have the ability to consider spoken language which can be acquired easily and course from a very early age. Regular children are able to recognize the letters that install up a word, and then use them to identify the phonemes, and put them together to make sense of the word in terms of reading and writing. However, according to theNational wellness Service, reading and writing is difficult for dyslexic children because of phonological processing impairment. They have troubles in recognizing phonemes and therefore, they have to struggle in order to connect the sound and the letter symbol for that sound and also to blend sounds into words. It is most prominent in their native languages with a great deal of irregularity of spelling, such as Malay, side and others. For example, the word dog can be broken down into three phonemes. This is, of course, a three letter word made up of three phonemes. However the word read is a four letter word that only has three phonemes. This creates confusion when dealing with the smallest units of speech sound (phonemes).Moreover, dyslexic children mostly have poor short term verbal memory which is a very common cognitive difficulty. Usually, regular children use verbal memory to blend sounds in words together when reading them for the first condemnation. This is why an inability to read non-words (made up words) is one of the strongest signs of phonological dyslexia. Problems with short term verbal memory naturally lead to difficulties with long-term verbal memory. For example, dyslexics may often forget the names of people they have met before or the words that they learned in two days before. This shown that short-term memory also influences their phonological processing. Besides that, it can be seen that for a children with dyslexia, it takes them a lot of time to sound out a word. They are typically have trouble in spelling and expressing themselves in writing and even speaking.The phonological disorder theory is one of explanation for possible cause of dyslexia. The fact that the majority of dyslexic children have problems with verbal short term memory adds weight to the theory of phonological disorder. Indeed, they are struggling in phonological processing.Hearing ProblemHearing problem is one of the least possible causes of dyslexia. The researchers believed that if a child suffers frequent colds and throat infections during their early age, range from 1 to 5 year, the ears will be blocked from time to time and eventually it leads to hearing problem. This condit ion is known as glue ear or conductive hearing loss. The parents of the child should take this into account as it will affect the developing brain that links the sound it hears.At this point, the learning of sounds and words are essential in developing their ability to handle and link the sound to language and text as well. If they cannot hear clearly, they will be unable to hear the difference between words like pin and thin, or fan and van. The lack of clear hearing will also delay the childs phonemic awareness the ability to hear that words are made up of smaller sounds and syllables, like c-a-t, or in-ter-est-ing. Therefore, to be safe, a corrective action should be taken at a very early age to prevent the phonemic problem of their children as it causes lifelong difficulties which may lead to dyslexia.ConclusionIn this research study, it can be concluded that working memory skills affect dyslexic children in terms of reading, writing and spelling as there is research that exp ress children who have problem in reading may have severe working memory deficits. They are unable to store the informations for a long time but for dyslexic children, they may forget about it the next day.However, teaching methods or strategies are employed by the educator in Pacific destination Therapy and Learning Centre in order to attract their attentions such as playing games, reading from books, guessing based on pictures, constructing sentences and recognizing syllables. The children are also taught singly which is between the teacher and the student only. The instructions for students with learning differences are to be explicit, systematic, structured and multisensory.There are many researches carried out by specialist doctors and researchers regarding dyslexia which lead to possible causes of dyslexia. There are four possible causes where they believed that these are the famous and found by most of the researchers which are genetic inheritance, neurological differences, phonological disorder and last but not least, hearing problem. These are connected to each other as the genetic inheritance are the root of the cause as it plays an important role of brain development and it goes on and on to hearing problem which is certainly true. However, the specific cause is yet to be discovered and nonoperational remains unclear.Regarding to the effects of dyslexia, it may varies according to the severity of dyslexia and success of the therapy followed by them. There is no cure for dyslexia as it is a specific learning disorder which need supports from educational institutes to improve on their reading, learning and spelling skills, it can be done in a special educations lessons and with the right and appropriate therapeutic methods bound with differences of each dyslexic individual, the difficulties faced by them can be reduced.ReferencesKaufman, Lorna N., PH.D., and Pamela Hook, PH.D.,The Dyslexia Puzzle Putting The Pieces Together, Newton, Mass. Internati onal Dyslexia Society, New England branch, 1998.Carrion-Castillo, A., Franke, B. and Fisher, S. E. (2013), Molecular Genetics of Dyslexia An Overview. Dyslexia, 19214240.Snowling, M. J. (2000).Dyslexia. Blackwell Publishing.http//www.solasbt7.com/Causes-of-Dyslexia-6809.html addendumFigure 1Figure 2

Business Analysis of British Airways (BA)

Business Analysis of British carrefour li impudentlyays (BA)British mienways plc provides song land operations both at internationalist and domestic level. Its study commercial enterprise is commercial flight. It as well caters to several(a) run the likes of loading freight, mail work and different auxiliary services e very(prenominal) over the world. Mainly it runs its descent in United States and Europe. It is situated in Harmondsworth, Middlesex, employing 42,755 people all over. It is emerging to be warlike and sustain its integrity as the best notelines which stress superior customer service. It has 300 destinations without the world this extent of operations offers customers with world-class services at various destinations. Its customers range from explorers to executive. The aim of this decl are is to enable readers to compreh decision st roamgic review and analysis of British telephone li naked as a jaybirold age by explainingHistory of British Airways Current strategic dapplePotential Strategic optionsRecommended strategic direction with rationaleIdentification of critical success factorsPerformance measurement criteriaThe procedure used to compile this key out is mainly extensive reading of various text books on incarnate schema, online journal articles and companys website. All the information, surveys and experimentations included are taken through proper referencing from standard sources.II. Main Body1. History of British AirwaysBritish Airways which originated as Aircraft Transport and activate deceaseed its maiden daily international plan air services between London and Paris after origination War 1. In 1939, UK government merged British Airways and Imperial Airways to form British foreign Airways, which became a state owned company. BOACs main operation was long haul services and British European Airways was established to serve continental European and domestic merchandise.Both BOAC and BEA expanded their busine ss geographically over a period of time and BOAC started its flights to New York (1946), Japan (1948), Chicago (1954) and west coast of the US (1957).At the same time BEA expanded its network to Belfast, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Manchester. In 1970, BEA started its charter airline services, BEA air tours. BAOC and BEA were merged together in 1972 under British Airways scorecard and in 1974 British Airways was formed.In 1976, British Airways started its graduation off supersonic passenger service jointly with Air France. British Airways was privatised in 1987 and was merged with British Caledonian. In 2002, British Airways CitiExpress was formed by merging British regional Airlines and Brymon Airways which were wholly owned subsidiaries. Other two wholly owned subsidiaries of British Airways, British Airways Regional and Manx Airlines were also merged with British Airways CitiExpress making it a single entirely owned regional subsidiary airline.In 2003, British Airways sold Dba, its German subsidiary to a German ground low make up airline Verwaltungsgesellschaft. Same year British Airways Holidays introduced its first program after re-integrating with British Airways. In 2004, to clear their debt, British Airways sold their 18.6% of stake in Australian airline Qantas for 1.1billion and also sold their London Eye to Tussauds 95 jillion.In 2006, British Airways CitiExpress was renamed as BA Connect and the same year, they sold 14.6% stake in an Indian based business services Provider VVNS Holdings. British Airways also sold its Travel Clinic business to MASTA (Medical Advisory Services for Travellers Abroad). Meanwhile British Airways came to an agreement with Maley Hungarian Airlines for code sharing on each others flights. They also started a flight from London to Calgary, Canada. At the same time they acquired Ameri bay window Airlines Stake in Iberia Airlines.In 2007, British Airways started flights from London to New quay in UK and also they announced th eir intention of their investment in 777-200 ERs which were scheduled for delivery in 2009.In 2006 they also sold their regional operations of BA connect to an European regional airlines Flybe. At the same time, British Airways launched its new subsidiary, BA CityFlyer in Lodon city Airport. BA CityFlyer was anticipate to operate 250 flights a week from the Docklands airport to 6 UK and European destinations. In May 2007, British Airways holdingd an order for eight airbus A320 family aircraft which were scheduled to be delivered between 2008 and 2010. Same month they announced their decision to counterchange 14 oldest Boeing 737s with Airbus A319 aircraft, scarcely they were also de-listed from New York Stock Exchange in the same month.British Airways launched their services from Paris and Brussels to New York in January 2008 and in April, 2008 from London to New York. Each week British Airways operated 62 flights from Gatwick and 55 flights from Heathrow. To make best of EU-US Aviation agreement, that allowed carriers to vaporize between any destinations in the EU and US, British Airways started their first commercial flight inJune 2008 from Paris to New York under a new subsidiary airline capableSkies In July 2008, British Airways bought LAvion, a French airline, which expected to be integrated with OpenSkies by early 2009. In the same month British Airways and Iberia, a Spain based airline convocation held talks for the jointure of two companies.2. Current strategic situation2.1 Internal analysisBritish Airways deals with the operations of domestic and international scheduled air services for freight and mail, carrying passengers and various supplementary services. The company mainly function in the America and Europe. Companys operations are also spread crossways Australia, Middle East, East Asia, India and Africa. Its head office is located in Harmondsworth, Middlesex. As on March 31, 2008 it employed 42,377 people. British airways had 245 aircr aft in service at the end of March 2008 in comparison to 242 in March 2007.During the financial year ended March 2008, 8,753 one thousand million (approximately $17,572.3 million) revenue was recorded which was 3.1% improver over 2007, 8,75 million (approximately $1,756.6 million) was the operating(a) profit which was 57.4% increase over 2007, 680 million (approximately $1,365.2 million) was the net profit in comparison to 290 million (approximately $582 million) net profit in 2007.Airlines business and Non-Airlines business are the two segments in which the company has divided its business. Cargo operations, main scheduled passengers and revenue from ancillary services comprises airlines business. In addition to scheduled services, hire services are also provided by companys passenger transportation services at both domestic and international level. Its among the largest scheduled international passenger airlines in the world with airline route network of 300 destinations. More than 33 million passengers travelled through British Airways in FY2008. BA Connect is a wholly owned subsidiary of British airways which operates on regional (UK) routes.Heathrow International Airport is the companys principal base, where it carries 41% (approx) of airport passengers. Gatwick, London is its second base of operations. It maintains hangers, operates offices and other support services at Gatwick, Heathrow and other UK airports. Space and desks under lease or license is also occupied by the company throughout the UK including Glasgow, Newcastle, Manchester, Edinburgh and Birmingham. During the financial year ended March 31, 2008, 805,000 tons of cargo was carried by its cargo transportation services to destinations in the America, Europe and other parts of the world. Passenger aircrafts carries the majority of cargo, while the remaining is carried on part-chartered freighter aircraft or leased.A range of services to other air lines is also provided by British Airways li ke airframe maintenance, consultancy services, cargo handling and computer and communication services. Non-airline businesses comprise mainly Airmiles Travel Promotions (the UKs famous travel loyalty lineation provider) and BA Holidays (companys subsidiary which offers sightseeing, transfer options, hotels and cars across 250 destinations over the world).2.2 External AnalysisWe will briefly analyse the external analysis of British Airways based on Porters five forces analysis and PESTEL analysis.2.2.0 Porters five forces analysishttp//www.themanager.org/Models/p5f.htmCompetitors rivalry within the attention High. Rivalry is exalted gear overdue to power of buyers and threats of substitutes. Its the only force which determines industry attractiveness. They compete with other airlines on the same city-pair routes, from charter services, from other modes of transport and from charter services. Virgin Atlantic, unaffixed jet and other European airlines are in tough rival with Br itish Airways as there is a free mart for domestic flights operating in the whole of Europe. These airlines are free to decide the fares and operate on any route. There is competition not only in the air but also on ground as well, for instance a 17% decrease in rail journey times between London and Manchester in 2004 and 2007 led to 20% growth in the trains share in total market. British airways introduced a corporate responsibility centre present that helps the company to stand out from the other competitors.Threats of new entrants Low. Competitors mergers and acquisitions also have the potential to effect their revenue and market position. Very high equal is required by new entrants to start. British Airways have invested a extensive amount on infrastructure, computers and online services. Therefore initial investment required to start up this business is very high. Further, its brand name and strong market position reduces the threat of new entrants.Bargaining power of sup pliers High. Main suppliers of airline industry are for discharge, in-flight services and aircraft. The speak to of changing suppliers proves very high in airlines business. The suppliers generally have a powerful brand in Airlines industry. For instance, like British Airways have Boeing and Airbus aircrafts, therefore they need to avail the services and maintenance of aircrafts from them.Bargaining power of buyers High. British Airways customers do dont have any agree over the prices or they lack bargaining power. However, they are very powerful as very high competition prevails in the airlines market. Their top competitors include Ryanair Holdings plc, Ryanair, Air France KLM, Virgin Atlantic Airways, Lufthansa etc and many times these airlines provide competitive offers to the customers with very low prices.Threat of substitutes Medium. The airlines industry has suffered a high loss of customer federal agency after September 11, 2001 disaster in New York. There is no direc t replacement available for airlines for long/overseas journeys. Coaches, Trains or ship/ferries can be used for short journeys. Rapid development of technology can be an indirect substitute of air transportation. According to International AirTransport Authority, bodied Air Travel Survey 2002, for last 12 months no frills/low cost airlines were used by 1/3 of all business travellers basically for cost benefit. Further, video conferencing was used by 37% to save money and travel time.PESTELThe beginning of the new millennium has made the airlines industry witness the most uncontrollable time it has ever faced. Political instability and unprecedented crisis have resulted from terrorist attacks in September 11, 2001 in New York and July 7, 2005 in London together with wars in Iraq. These incidents resulted in new security regulations from the US and EU and customer travelling confidence have also reduced.Economic factors are of brisk importance. Fourth quarter of 2008 showed a 2.0% lower GDP than fourth quarter of 2007. This is mainly due to the recent credit crises and thereby economic slowdown. Company showed an operating profit of 89 million as on 3 world-class December2008, which is 88% down compared to 2007. Further, 70 million was the loss before tax for the same period and fuel cost went up by 48.4% to 2,244 million. It is mainly due to economic weakness and fall in the value of sterling.Impacts of social factors vary from country to country. Size of potential market and customers needs are affected by them. Demographic changes have led to the growth of grey market which is incurring more(prenominal) expenses on travelling and leisure. Tastes, fashions and lifestyle are also changing. So as to maximize its capability to operate and plan in a most effective computer programing and routes possible, British airways is using route planning software. Use of standard technology will minimize cost and provide quality service to freight customers and passeng ers. (Gomm, 2005). technology also enables to reduce the personal costs like automated check-in processes and e-ticketing and thereby enables the airlines to offer standard services with less human resource. BA is the first airline to introduce a unique technological system called Microwave Landing Technology, which increases the rate of safe landing during low visibility by 20%.Power of Trade Union is an important legal factor affecting British Airways. British Airways is aware of the consequences caused by Trade Unions (August 2004 and August 2005 absorb actions). Factors which British Airways must consider are legal regulations on customer rights, employee rights and rise in ecological and environmental issues.2.3 SWOTBritish Airways which has strong international operations network with 300 destinations across the world has its own strengths and weaknesses. Here is the SWOT analysis which helps to understand their business scenario better.PositiveNegativeINTERNAlStrengthsimpui ssance toilsome geographical presence at international levelHigh employee productivityHigh Service QualityLarge Airport PresenceStrong operating implementationfirst-rate new fleet of aircraftsUse of High end technologyCompetitive and quality customer serviceBad military operation at key markets in terms of revenue growthHigh Debt of the companyHighly Dependent on FuelLack of effective merchandising strategyEXTERNAlOpportunityThreatsGrowing world(a) tourism industry and an increase in international travellersGrowing air cargo industryEU-US aviation agreementBuracratic systems and management unforesightful decision makingDrastic change in technology and customer behaviourIntense competition from low cost airlinesIncrease in fuel costEconomic slowdown due to credit crunch2.4. Current strategyOne Destination seeks to ensure our customers fly confident that, together, we are acting responsibly to take care of the world we live in. is the vision of British Airways. Their corporate re sponsibility vision is to become the worlds most amenable airline and they have developed guiding principles describing what they are doing to achieve this goal. Leading the industry towards finding innovative solution is their determination. They plan to continually review how they fly, what they fly and what they buy to become the most responsible and efficient airlines in the world. The British Airways has developed a strategy where their main concern is to establish themselves in end 5 and also acquire new aircrafts depending upon their financial performance by March 2010.They have adopted an approach to truly deliver this vision, uniting all areas of the organisation, divided into 4 major pillarsEnvironmentThey aim to minimise their impact on the environment, including their contribution to air quality, waste, climate change and noise. British Airways was the first airline to report its environmental performance in 1992 since they recognise the impact they have on our planet while delivering socially and economically vital service of air transport. So as to become the worlds most responsible airline, their environment strategy aims to minimise and manage the environmental impacts.Main focusHow they fly economic operation to minimise their impact on environment.What they fly Adopting recent technology including alternative fuels, airframes andengines to minimise their impact.What they buy Using economic tools like emissions trading for in full reflecting the cost oftheir environmental impact.Goals across these areas areBy 2010 landfill by zero waste in the UK.By 2025 they aim to improve the carbon efficiency by 25% reducing the carbon dioxidefrom 111 to 83 grammes per passenger per kilometre.By 2015* average noise per flight to reduce by 15%By 2050 their net carbon dioxide emissions to reduce by 50%*measured as the network average quota count (QC) for combined landing and take-off cycle.Comprehensive plan developed to achieve the Goals clime chan ge British Airways overall strategy is to ensure maximum contributionto their share of global carbon dioxide emission reductions by 2050Waste Focus on recycling, reducing, reusing and responsible waste disposal.Noise Their impact on the local communities nearby airport to be reduced.Air quality Air quality for communities nearby airport to be improved.CommunityProviding support to local communities in the country where British Airways operate is the main belief of the company. Conservation projects, small individual broadcasts, 120 international communities and various charities were helped by BAs support. London Benchmarking Group reported British Airways direct and in-kind donations of 5.7m last year.British Airways offer variety of support like cargo space, funding, fund raising events, merchandise, free flights and excess baggage. Their main concerns for support are Sustainable Tourism and Heritage, Education and Youth emergence, Environment and Supporting employees.Marketp laceBritish Airways suppliers and customers are involved in one destination in their marketplace pillar, to facilitate building up more sustainable business and to persuade lettering to corporate responsibility.Issue covered by their marketplace pillar comprisesHow they fly Reliable customerWhat they buy obligated procurementWhat they fly Sustainable products and servicesGoals across these areas are10% of customers to be encouraged to counterbalance their carbon on ba.com by 2012.By 2012 100% of their strategic suppliers to be audited for ethical practices.Corporate responsibility to be used as a decision criteria by 75% of corporate customersby 2010.WorkplaceBritish Airways aim to provide a work environment that engages, develops, motivates and support their colleagues. Encouraging employees to be committed to Corporate Responsibility is the main aim of British Airways workplace As employees plays a vital share in making up the airline and they need them on tabular array One destination. This commitment is not only going to help them deliver a owing(p) place to work, rather it will also ensure quality customer service in the industry.Issues covered by their workplace pillar compriseHow they fly Responsible colleagueWhat they buy Tools to do the jobWhat they fly point in peopleOur goals across these areas areEvery year British Airways 50% employees present money to charity through Pay Roll Giving.Every year British Airways 50% employees donate time to communities and charities.75% of employees committed to delivering our corporate responsibility goals by 2010British Airways have recognized performance objectives to evaluate their development in each of these four sections. British Airways aim to deliver its corporate responsibility strategy by a programme plan developed including over 80 programme level activities and hundreds individual projects.Business Plan BP10Bring last-place 5 aliveIn order to improve the operational performance and enhanc e customer experience British Airways main concern is successful delivery of terminal 5 at Heathrow base. Terminal 5 denote their sole biggest challenge and change. British Airways Fit for 5 programme was set to be accomplished in the 1st year, which involved essential agreement modification and implementation on highly superior work performance all over the Heathrow terminals.BA Basics and hellThe British Airways board aims to offer Brilliance in its activities and deliver the BA Basics constantly. Business Plan 10 (BP10) primarily focuses on baggage performance and punctuality with additional plans to recover BA Basics in various areas for the long term. British Airways aims to offer Brilliance to their customers in numerous vital areas such(prenominal) as their customer services, Terminal 5, ba.com, their premium customer experience and their network and schedule from London.Competitive cost baseMain priority of BP 10 is cost control they expect savings from various areas of busi ness too. The need to decrease considerable deficit position and resolution of pensions problem is preponderantly acknowledged in BP10. Its quite difficult for them to achieve a competitive cost base if they are to accomplish their growth and investment plans.Invest in growthIn the first year of the plan they campaign to commence a competition for the new long haul aircraft, if the pensions deficit satisfactorily resolves. In order to meet their explicit growth plans they intended to secure first of these aircrafts in 2009, whilst the replacement of fleet will be started by 2011 with the second batch. The strategic significance of the operations in London and Gatwick airport is recognized in BP10. The key to British Airways network development programme from London airport is the operations maintenance of BA Connects London city, as part of British Airways regional business sale to Flybe.BP10 enablersThe vital aspect behind implementation of BP10 is constant engagement and participa tion of British Airways people. A major segment of British Airways broader communication strategy was local face to face communication as it was accepted to be the most effectual engagement. The second major possibility for change in the business remained IT. British Airways investment plans in this sector comprised constant advancements in the functionality and usability of ba.com, Terminal 5, encouraging a variety of departmental change programmes and automating corporate processes plus simplifying services by use of employee egotism service.3. Potential Strategic optionsAfter going through BAs vision, goal and their current strategy, we are of the opinion that BAs current strategy is very competitive and will definitely help British Airways to achieve their goals. In addition to the above strategy, we also have identified few more potential strategic options which could be helpful for BAs further growth. The accessibility to enormous products and services creates an opportunity to exploit them appropriately. Making the most of global variations and technological trends serves as a potential opportunity to work with. The potential strategic options which British Airways could utilize for further development of business could be practical(prenominal) reality, which may serve as an innovative simulation, share expertise and attaining network software. Some of the potential strategic options for British Airways are discussed belowGlobal tourismThere are many factors which have a very strong influence on the airline industry and one of them is trends in global tourism industry. As per the World Tourism Organization survey, approximately 898 million international tourists travelled globally in 2007 which is 6% higher than the previous year (846 million- 2006). As per the Tourism broadcast Account research which is done by World Travel and Tourism council, it is been predicted that world travel and tourism will grow at an average rate of 4.3% per annum for the period of 2008-2017 and will generate $13 trillion for that period.Rising Air Cargo IndustryThere is a tremendous growth in the Air Cargo market and the volume of the business is doubling in every 10 years time. As per the International Civil Aviation Organization, the cargo business is expected to grow at an average rate of 6.5% per annum in next 20 years. Approximately 22.17 million tons of freight was carried throughout the world and it is expected to grow up to 60million in 2017. In 2008, BA transported 805000 tons of goods and these numbers will increase tremendously in coming years due to its operations presence in most part of the world and will be benefited by the growing trend in cargo market.Open Skies AgreementOpen Skies aviation agreement between EU and US is an air transport agreement, which allows airlines of both EU and US to fly between any points among EU, US and non EU countries like Switzerland. This is the replacement for the previous agreement made between US a nd each European country. To take advantage of this agreement, British Airways started new subsidiary airlines OpenSkies and for the first time it started to fly direct flights from continental Europe to the US. The first flight of open skies was on June 2008, from Paris to New York. The new agreement has enabled British Airways to increase its operations in the key regions.Several Strategic options can also be identified with the help of the Ansoff Matrix analysis discussed below.Ansoff MatrixMarket perceptivenessMarket penetration strategy involves consolidating and protecting/building the existing product/services in the existing market. It occurs when a company with its existing product distributes a market. This strategy starts with the existing customers of the organization. This strategy can be used to increase sales without losing focus on their existing product/services. British Airways can penetrate in the market through their joint business agreement with Iberia and Am erican airways thereby gaining competitors customers, by upgrading the quality of their services and also increasing the frequency of the flights in the existing market. It is comparatively cheaper to retain existing customers than finding new ones.Product bustmentProduct development strategy emphasises on building a new product with existing and new capabilities beyond current expectations in the existing market. In the present scenario of economic downturn, it is quite difficult to introduce new product considering the cost involved in developing new product and it is risky to predict customer reaction too. British airways have already invested a huge amount in setting up its infrastructure especially in Terminal 5. They should rather emphasise on maintaining and upgrading the quality of present services.Market DevelopmentMarket development strategy focuses on finding new segments, territories, new uses of existing market with existing product/services. British Airways may go for new market development considering the current strategic situation of the market. However, as the company already operates in more than 300 destinations therefore we would recommend them to concentrate on maintaining the quality of services at the existing markets thereby further build up its position.DiversificationDiversification concentrates on developing a new product in new market with existing and new capabilities beyond current expectations. Since British Airways have numerous services operating almost all over the world, it would involve high degree of uncertainty and financial risk to go for diversification.Mergers and acquisitions could be an important alternative for further growth. However the current financial situation of British Airways does not allow the same as they have already invested a huge amount on its current projects and it might prove to be difficult and risky too. Although British Airways may consider this decision once the companys position is strengthen ed and there is potential for growth and acquisition in the market. It may be a useful strategy in order to attain fast market growth.Thus the strategy which we would advise British Airways is to concentrate on existing market and existing services and accomplishing its ongoing investment project. So as to achieve further growth in the market British Airways should make the best possible use of its investment projects and strengthen its brand name by providing new offers to the current customers and appealing to new deferral market.4. Recommended strategic direction with rationaleAfter discussing the current strategy and potential strategic options for British Airways, we would like to further recommend the following strategic directionsDevelop opportunitiesBritish Airways should try to continue their business tie-ups in the new market once they regain their financial stability. Though BAs talks on merger with Quantas Airways Limited failed, they need to strengthen their existing j oint business with Quantas to have a good hold on the Australian market. They need to concentrate on Asian and Middle East market which has a high potential for growth.Distributing the riskBritish Airways should concentrate on their Cargo industry which has got a great potential. They should also try to reach more markets through code sharing with other airlines which is a cost effective option.Manipulating strengthsBritish Airways have got a very strong base in Heathrow Airport, UK. BAs Terminal 5 presence will help them to maintain high standard of service as it will enable them to handle increased volumes of customers and baggage.Upgrading Customer experienceThey should focus on providing better facilities like T5 lounge, which provides premium customers better comfort and luxury like a private members club. They should strengthen their customer base by constantly upgrading their flight schedules, offering better competitive packages for customers and being competitive with the f acilities provided on board so as to attract more customers and thereby creating an opportunity for increasing revenue.Controlling cost of expansion planBritish Airways has been moderately successful by following its effective strategies. Currently, we would advise BA to control its expenditure on buying new fleets and expanding to new destinations. They also need to reduce the cost of high aircraft utilization so as to minimize environmental risks.ServicesBritish Airways needs to concentrate on providing value for money to the customers. There is an intense competition in the market from Virgin Airlines, Singapore Air, KLM, Quantas and Emirates who also fly in the same route. They might lose their customers if they do not provide something unique from their competitors. These days the number of low cost airlines is increasing through out the world in both domestic and international market. Hence, cost effective and better services should be provided.Passenger friendly airportsIt is of extreme importance for passengers to feel that their purchasing needs are met. British Airways should aim to establish an image of a major international hub with standard facilities.