Air conditioning. What and when was it invented How did it develop Essay

Air conditioning. What and when was it invented How did it develop - Essay Example It was fan-powered. It was Ding Huan who made a fan which passed air from cold water which then spread in the house. This idea was found in the dynasties of Tand and Song. First, people powered the fans manually. Later on, water was used to drive the fans. One very difficult design of powering the fan was found in the Tang dynasty in which the fountain water that went upwards was used to push the gears and hence, the fans were turned on. In the air-coolers in which water was used as the main cooling thing, the evaporation of water made the space very humid. Michael Faraday as a scientist of British origin who in 1820 made a compressor in which, ammonia was used. The challenge in front of Faraday was to exhaust the fumes of ammonia. This was difficult because of the toxic property of ammonia. Although the cooling agent was unsafe, yet the technology of compressing he introduced is used even today. Compression was later used by John Gorrie who was from Florida. He made ice with it. With this ice, he cooled down the structures. The commercial air conditioner was invented by Willis Haviland Carrier in the year 1902 (â€Å"History of Air Conditioning†). Carrier was a very hard working person. â€Å"I fish only for edible fish, and hunt only for edible game even in the laboratory† (Carrier cited in Bellis). His air conditioner was to be used to lower down the temperature of the machinery that was used in the process of printing. But one thing that Carrier noticed and was very good about his design was that in addition to cooling down the air, his air conditioner also regulated the humidity in the air. This property assisted in calibrating the ink in the printing press and also made the alignment of the papers very good. This was a very wonderful achievement and laid the basis of air conditioning in both the commercial and the industrial sectors. Carrier decided to do good business with his air conditioners, so he opened up

Funeral Cosmetic Surgery Essay Example for Free

Funeral Cosmetic Surgery Essay Beauty is your funeral Cosmetic surgery is defined as, â€Å"surgery performed to improve the appearance, rather than for medical reasons† (Collins English Dictionary). Cosmetic surgery is a dangerous procedure because some people acquire lifelong scars not only that, death could be in the equation. On the other hand, many women get cosmetic surgery due to physical deformation or certain birth defects in efforts to cover up their embarrassing scars. Even though some cosmetic surgery can be beneficial, the fact that death could be involved, is it worth it? Cosmetic surgery should be illegal because the number of death and deformation in the person’s character are too great to risk any possible enhancements. We should not be allowed to get plastic surgery, implants, and liposuction because these things cause a person to become sick and then eventually die. Therefore we should warn the person about the harm of cosmetic surgery is. According to Dr.Darshan Shah, a Mayo Clinic-trained board certified surgeon, â€Å"Cosmetic Surgery itself actually carries very minimal risk if you put yourself in the hands of a qualified, certified cosmetic surgery specialist – someone who has trained and devoted [his or his] career to the misrepresentation and inexperience of certain surgeons†. (California Health and Beauty) This article is saying that people are dying because there not looking up facts and information about the surgeon, but how much is of this idea is true? I believe no matter who performs the surgery; it’s always dangerous and has many life threatening consequences. Whether or not the surgeon is ‘’good’’ or ‘’bad’’ the procedures should not be done and are unethical. First of all, cosmetic surgery costs a great deal of money. Breast augmentations are 3,797$, Tummy Tucks are,332$, Butt Lifts are $7,904, Collagen Injections are $673 and Eyelid surgery is $2,912, To me no amount of money is worth risking your life for. Not only that, I believe that people are beautiful the way they are, and that they don’t need surgery to boost their self esteem. Individuals seek to conform to the social norm, and it’s apparent that they will go to any cost to make that happen. When comes to unethical issues such as transgender cosmetic surgery, no it should not be allowed. In Fact, when they get these procedures they can die from anesthesia. In conclusion, when come to cosmetic surgery its dangerous overall even though you’re getting medical reasons or even though you get Butt Lift or Tummy Tuck or Collagen injection , Overall cosmetic surgery is a dangerous ,harmful procedure that should be banned.

Graves Disease Essay -- Disease, Disorders

Graves’ disease was named after Robert J. Graves, MD, around the 1830’s. It is an autoimmune disease indicated by hyperthyroidism due to circulating autoantibodies, which is an antibody that attacks the person’s own body. The immune system attacks the thyroid gland, which causes it to produce too much thyroxine. Thyroxine is a hormone that helps control growth and also regulates metabolism in the body. While the thyroxine levels are high the patient’s metabolic rate increases, which can have an effect on their physical appearance as well as their frame of mind. Graves’ disease is the number one cause of hyperthyroidism in the U.S. There are many signs and symptoms of Graves’ disease. Symptoms of Graves’ disease include anxiety, irritability, insomnia, tiredness, irregular or accelerated heart rate, and sensitivity to heat. Sign of Graves’ disease are tremors in the hands and fingers, weight loss, brittle hair, goiter, menstrual cycle changes, and more frequent bowel movements. People with Graves’ disease also report having symptoms of Graves’ opthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease. This can include bulging of the eyes, itchy eyes, red eyes, sensitivity to light, and swelling around the eyelids. More severe cases of opthalmopathy include corneal ulcers, double vision, blurred vision, and restricted eye movements. According to a journal published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, â€Å"Smoking greatly increases the risk for Graves’ opthalmopathy. Among patients with Graves’ opthalmopathy, smokers had more severe eye disease than nonsm okers. Smoking also appears to be one of the multiple factors inducing Graves’ disease in genetically predisposed individuals.† One more sign of Graves’ disease, though it is no... ...ring that it is not known what causes Graves’ disease to occur, the fact that there are so many treatment options is astonishing. Works Cited Christian Nordqvist. â€Å"What Is Graves’ Disease? What Causes Graves’ Disease?† Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Int., 6 Nov. 2009. Web 10 Mar. 2012. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170005.php Sai-Ching Jim Yeung, MD, PhD, FACP. â€Å"Graves’ Disease† emedicine.medscape. 30 Sep. 2011. Web 10 Mar. 2012 http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/120619-overview#showall Dr. Asha Thomas. â€Å"Treatment of Graves’ Disease† Baltimore Sun. 19 Oct. 2009 10 Mar. 2012. http://www.baltimoresun.com/2009-10-19/news/0910180070_1_graves-disease-underactive-thyroid-thyroid-disease Mark F. Prummel, Wilmar M. Wiersinga. â€Å"Smoking and Risk of Graves’ Disease† The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1993 10 Mar. 2012

Police Public Relations vs. Community-Police Relations Essay

Differences Between Police Public Relations Programs and Police-Community Relations Programs Police-Community Relations programs and Police Public Relations programs are similar in many ways, but not are not identical or interchangeable, according to Barker, and Hunter in 2011. Police-Community Relations is a philosophy of police administration, which seeks to involve community and police in ongoing decision making concerning policies which impact both. Police Public Relations programs involve broader and more complex goals than Police-Community relations programs. One purpose of public relations programs is to develop and maintain a productive working environment for police departments to operate within, through informing the public about why officers and departments do what they do, and by enhancing their own public image as primarily community helpers and first responders, worthy of the public respect and cooperation that is necessary for police operations (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Programs strive to influence the following factions: the pubic in order to gain support; politicians, in order to gain funding; and staff, in order to gain consistency in operations (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Police-Community Relations programs, however, are aimed towards integration of community groups and police organizations into partnerships focused on combating both criminal and social problems (Barker & Hunter, 2011). These programs determine types of services, implementation of programs, potential problem areas, and problem solving mechanisms (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Activities and processes of Police-Community Relations programs and Police Public Relations programs contrast as well. Police Public Relations program activities are standardized, repetitive, predictable, controllable, routinized, specialized, and agency oriented (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Information flows toward public only. Police-Community Relations programs must be flexible, reflexive, adaptable, and community oriented (Barker & Hunter, 2014). Extent of departmental involvement varies with both, however, agency breadth is narrow, compartmentalized, and specialized with Police Public Relations programs, and cross divisional with Police-Community Relations programs. The City of Durham Public Relations Office in North Carolina, through a senior public affairs specialist, provides information to citizens about departmental activities , functioning through â€Å"community relations/special events, media relations, employee/internal communications and marketing  communications†, and offers National Night Out Observance, a Ride Along Program, a Citizens Academy, and external projects, which educate the public and enhance community-police relations, according to the City of Durham website. It meets the definition for a Police Public Relations program, since information flows in one direction, and the program is agency-oriented, specialized, and has events that repeat annually, according to the following website : http://durhamnc.gov/ich/op/DPD/Pages/PRUnit.aspx Charlotte-Mecklenburg Community Relations, according to the Charlotte website, seeks â€Å"to develop trust and communications between officers and citizens†, working closely wi th Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, utilizing a Police Complaint Review program, which addresses police misconduct and a Police-Community Relations Award program, recognizing 32 citizen groups and officers, who have made significant contributions to police-community relations. It meets the definition for a Police-Community Relations program, since information flows both towards, and from citizens, and the program focuses on the police-community relationship, and is community-oriented. References: Barker, T., Hunter, R.. ( 2011). Police Community Relations and the Administration of Justice, 8th ed, Prentice Hall: Saddle River.

Legal philosophy Essay

The crucial element lies in bringing the guilty to justice; but for that to happen, it has to be determined first who is guilty and who is not, not just in terms of who committed the crime, but whether a certain action and the consequences of it fall under the category of crime at all, and under what criteria. There is a great scope of ambiguity and fuzziness here. The battle between good and evil seems to have been going on for all the time, and yet good and evil are highly relative terms. There exist no clear-cut distinctions, no separate black and white segments. In many ways, good and evil constitute a messy flux, and criminal justice system is needed to sort these things out on a continual basis. Law, with the moral and legal philosophy underlying it, directs the criminal justice system in this complex task of determining good from evil, the right from the wrong, as well as the right from the good. These laws are not static and fixed entities, they can and do change with time; legal philosophy is constantly evolving. Our perceptions and interpretations of the good and the right need to be reconsidered from time to time. The ongoing struggle is to evolve a society that is more firmly based on justice and freedom. Justice requires that each citizen have an equal and fair starting position in respect of the physical necessities, educational opportunities, and employment opportunities. And the principle of freedom requires that the government not force a single conception of the good upon individuals, but simply guarantee that individuals are free to pursue their various goods as they perceive them (Garner 2005). The choices freely made reflect a variety of views of what is good. Human beings are uniquely individual personalities, endowed with immense potentiality for mental and spiritual growth. The role of society lies in being caring and tolerant about the individual and the differences in the unique individualities of people, and displaying a commitment to respect all its members who are in the process of cultivating their freedom and realizing their potentiality. It is not the government’s business or right to determine what is good, but only to guarantee justice and freedom of choice to individuals. The guarantee of justice and freedom of choice will protect individuals’ pursuits of their various private conceptions of the good. In this way, the government ensures â€Å"The greatest good for the greatest number,† the principle on which utilitarianism is founded (Penslar 1995). Each individual is free to pursue his or her own conception of the good life, as long as it does not bring harm to others. The government should be neutral as to the conceptions of the good life, in order to respect persons as free and independent agents of action, capable of choosing their own ends. For example, the good lies in the fact of each individual being free to follow a religion or belief system of his own choice, or not to follow any should he choose to. Unfortunately, this condition is very likely to be violated in modern world where fundamentalism is gaining ground everyday. If we take the United States, for example, three things are happening 1) Evangelical Christianity is spreading like wild fire: â€Å"The Evangelical Christian movement is the fastest growing segment of American religion with 42% of all Christians in America identifying themselves as Evangelicals† (Cobia 2007) 2) as is common knowledge, the government is growing more powerful and centralized, and 3) a very high percentage of people in the government, including the president himself, are fundamentalist evangelical Christians (McMahon 2006). In such a scenario, it is very likely that, in the near future, basic individual freedom to choose his or her own would be breached and fundamentalism be imposed as a state-sponsored religion. When that happens, the theory of evolution will be removed from textbooks and Biblical doctrine of creationism taught in its place. Science would stagnate, progress would stop, and humanity may slip back to dark ages. Upon considering such a possibility, we can see how ensuring individual freedom to determine one’s own good is conducive to the good of the society as a whole, promotes progress and enlightens humanity. When individual freedom is lost, be it in religion or any other sphere of life, the spirit of humanity starts dying.

Fujiwhara Effect - Two Hurricanes Interacting

Fujiwhara Effect - Two Hurricanes Interacting The Fujiwara Effect is an interesting phenomenon which can happen when two or more hurricanes form very near each other. In 1921, a Japanese meteorologist named Dr. Sakuhei Fujiwhara determined that two storms will sometimes move around a common center pivot point. The National Weather Service defines the Fujiwhara Effect as the tendency of two nearby tropical cyclones to rotate cyclonically about each other. Another slightly more technical definition of the Fujiwhara Effect from the National Weather Service is a binary interaction where tropical cyclones within a certain distance (300-750 nautical miles depending on the sizes of the cyclones) of each other begin to rotate about a common midpoint. The effect is also known as the Fujiwara Effect without an ‘h’ in the name. Fujiwhara’s studies indicate storms will rotate around a common center of mass. A similar effect is seen in the rotation of the Earth and moon. This barycenter is the center pivot point around which two rotating bodies in space will spin. The specific location of this center of gravity is determined by the relative intensity of the tropical storms. This interaction will sometimes lead to tropical storms dancing with each other around the dance floor of the ocean. Examples of the Fujiwhara Effect In 1955, two hurricanes formed very near each other. Hurricanes Connie and Diane at one point seemed to be one huge hurricane. The vortices were moving around each other in a counterclockwise motion. In September 1967, Tropical storms Ruth and Thelma began to interact with each other as they approached Typhoon Opal. At the time, satellite imagery was in its infancy as TIROS, the worlds first weather satellite, was only launched in 1960. To date, this was the best imagery of the Fujiwhara Effect yet seen. In July of 1976, hurricanes Emmy and Frances also showed the typical dance of the storms as they interacted with each other. Another interesting event occurred in 1995 when four tropical waves formed in the Atlantic. The storms would later be named Humberto, Iris, Karen, and Luis. A satellite image of the 4 tropical storms shows each of the cyclones from left to right. Tropical storm Iris was heavily influenced by the formation of Humberto before it, and Karen after it. Tropical Storm Iris moved through the islands of the northeastern Caribbean during late August and produced locally heavy rains and associated flooding according to the NOAA National Data Center. Iris later absorbed Karen on September 3, 1995 but not before altering the paths of both Karen and Iris. Hurricane Lisa was a storm that formed on September 16, 2004 as a tropical depression. The depression was located between Hurricane Karl to the west and another tropical wave to the southeast. As hurricane Karl influenced Lisa, the quickly approaching tropical disturbance to the east moved in on Lisa and the two began to show a Fujiwhara Effect. Cyclones Fame and Gula are shown in an image from January 29, 2008. The two storms formed just days apart. The storms briefly interacted, although they remained separate storms. Initially, it was thought the two would exhibit more of a Fujiwhara interaction, but despite weakening a bit, the storms stayed intact without causing the weaker of the two storms to dissipate. Sources: Stormchasers: The Hurricane Hunters and Their Fateful Flight Into Hurricane JanetNOAA National Data CenterAnnual Summary of the 2004 Atlantic Hurricane SeasonAnnual Summary of the 1995 Atlantic Hurricane SeasonMonthly Weather Review: An Example of the Fujiwhara Effect in the West Pacific OceanNASA Earth Observatory: Cyclone GulaCyclones Olaf and Nancy

Abolition of the British Monarchy essays

Abolition of the British Monarchy essays My chosen topic is the issue of whether the British monarchy should be abolished. I believe that it should and I have four main reasons to support my views and I believe that I can persuade royalists that the idea of a monarchy should be abandoned. The four reasons are firstly the effect the British monarchy has on the idea of a democracy, the effects they have on society, the political powers they behold and the money spent both on and by them. The royal family is under fire from many quarters over their marital mishaps and financial indiscretions. But the problems with the royals go far deeper than that. I see the existence of the monarchy as a symbol of much that is wrong with British society and its political system today. Increasing democracy is by far the most important and powerful reason to ditch the monarchy. The word democracy is ultimately derived from a term comprised of demos the people and kratos strength and power. So basically democracy means the power lies in the hands of the people. In most developed countries, this entails the direct election of a Parliament and an elected head of state. Unfortunately, Britain has lagged behind other developed countries in both these areas. Our head of state and, until recently, the majority of the House of Lords assumed power and influence solely because of which families they were born into. This makes Britain a relatively undemocratic country in an increasingly democratic world. Rule by inheritance in general makes no sense and cannot be justified nowadays. To have the title of Head of State passed through heredity is just ridiculous. The monarchy is unaccountable, insular secretive, unrepresentative and illogical. Not enviable qualities in the twenty- first century. A modern, forward-looking state needs and elected Head of State not least because this represents a symbol of the countrys intentions and essentia...

Net Promoter Score for Books Build Relationships with Your Readers

Net Promoter Score for Books Build Relationships with Your Readers How To Create Deeper Relationships with Your Readers through Surveys Last updated 2017/07/07At Reedsy, we feel it’s important to let authors know about different startups and tech tools that could make their life easier. Today, we’re happy to welcome a guest post by Chad Keck, founder of Promoter.io, a Net Promoter Score startup that you can use to build your author platform and find your  Ã¢â‚¬Å"insider group†.Do you have an author mailing list? If yes, congratulations, you are among the elite group of authors who understand that the relationships you build with your readers are what’s going to drive most sales in the long run.But let me guess: do you send out emails every week or every month updating your readers on your progress and wonder what they are really thinking? You rarely hear back from them unless you are asking for feedback on a book cover or title, right?Figuring out out ways to engage with your readers is no easy thing, especially if you’re trying to create meaningful, lasting relationships that will guide your writing efforts.If you are like most authors, you might be afraid of asking your readers to take a survey because you have an inner belief that it will drive your readers away. But like most things in life, the best things come to people who won’t let their fears hold them back.So what do you do if you want to try sending a survey, but you have never tried them before?Find out your book's Net Promoter ScoreOf all survey methods, the Net Promoter Score is one of the least assuming and best to start out with. In a book called The Ultimate Question, Fred Reichheld came up with this interesting survey technique which addresses some of the biggest problems of sending surveys.The technique is called Net Promoter Score (NPS), and revolves around one key concept: bringing your surveys down to a single key question: How likely from 0-10 are you to recommend my book to a friend or colleague?Here is exactly what it might look like as an email your readers would receive that an non-fiction author recently sent through Promoter.io:Building a great author platform comes down to one thing: creating the most value possible for your readers. Whenever you want higher engagement with your audience, just keep asking yourself the same thing: â€Å"What’s in it for them?† If you keep raising the stakes and providing true value over and over again, everything else will take care of itself.Have any questions for Chad? Leave them in the comments below!

What is the general public's perception of US Army's educational Dissertation

What is the general public's perception of US Army's educational levels compared to civilians in corporate America - Dissertation Example Study what is required and revise.   -Comments part II  - CHANGED THE TITLE I like reading the words Action Research in the titles of theses studies, but I do think yours can be improved upon as it almost reads like two sentences or a fragmented sentence. I mention it as the title is so very important for setting the tempo with the reviewer and more importantly for future researchers to search on for further study. I would recommend something like:   An Action Research study to Bring about Change in the Public’s Perception of soldiers in the United States Army compared to Civilians Working in the Public Sectors.   Or I might even drop the latter part:   An Action Research study to Bring about Change in the Public’s Perception of soldiers in the United States Army. compared to Civilians Working in the Public Sectors.   As to the study itself I think Bruce made some good points to be considered. Overall I would look to minimize the content here and there and a lways have the focus to be on answering the instructions on the left side of teach text box. The reviewer will look at that as their focus in approving and if it too wordy and not to the point, it makes it harder for them to do.   -Comments part III   This is strange but I do not see her name, contact information, etc. on the SMR. That page is missing.   {PLEASE ADD THIS BEFORE SUBMITTING} This may not be appropriate here, but the References are not in APA style. CHANGED   The whole foucus seems to be on Army officers when the largest number of Army personnel are enlisted personnel. In dispelling one of the myths that Army personnel are not highly educated, the large percentage of officers with college degrees is cited. Are we talking about the whole...Due to these reasons, many individuals do not consider the army to be an active career option for them. (Muth, (2011). However, this is far from reality. This stereotype was formed among people, because of such a portrayal by war movies and mass media. (Buffalo Soldiers, 2001.) In recent times, the whole approach of the army has changed towards education and a high number of personnel are well educated individuals are a part of the army. Moreover, the environment within the army also provides a number of opportunities to the personnel to pursue further studies and improve their academic qualifications. same in the civilian world. A research is needed to understand how and why civilians have this perception about the Army personnel; then, it is necessary to educate them about how the perception is wrong. Bringing about this change of perception can make a big change not only to the way people look at the soldiers, but it can also motivate general public to be a part of the army. While it is understandable that it would be a very daunting task to educate a large number of people, it is possible to start out at a small level and see if that brings about a level of difference. (Muth, 2011).

To what extent do religious teachings impact upon attitudes towards Essay

To what extent do religious teachings impact upon attitudes towards sustainability in both production and consumption - Essay Example This is in the specific aspects in the society such as the business and commerce. Such view is due to the fact that any field acts and works on the basis of accepted norms perceived as values. The main objective of the study conducted a focus on the effects of religious teachings and practices in the commencement and operation of business and industrial world. Values are largely related to ethics, an acceptable set of actions often perceived through morality. This can often be measured through a virtue of positive projection. Business ethics are measures of perceived guidelines of application and course of action in the local and international business arena (Megone and Robinson, 2002). There are certain general concepts that can be considered essential. One of the important considerations in the study of business ethics is in relation to the religious practices that can affect the commencement and the values in business. The relationship of values and the operation of business and any aspect of commerce had developed to be one of the most important factors in the field. These values can be considered as included in the outer factors that serve as the major affective factors, which are referred to as the moral constraints in the operation of the business. These can be considered as the main factors that set up the standards in the operation of the system in relation to ethics (Megone and Robinson, 2002). In the given perspective the understanding of the conception of values as applied in the business is essential. The concept of values experienced an evolution through the course of history. This can be considered as an important development due to the fact that it is now recognized as one influential component in the field of economics. Though the concept was recognized to be a key factor in the commencement of business operation including the

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Business law - Essay Example The company core product is hamburgers. Other products that the company offers include fries, sandwiches, beverages, and salads. Those against the organization assert that the enterprise has been behaving in an unethical manner by producing unhealthy food. Although the group has continued to expand its operations globally, McDonalds once used to receive negative media coverage. The hamburgers that they sell have been associated to cause obesity in some countries. In addition, people have questioned the employment practices of the company. Accusations of unfair employment practices have been leveled against McDonalds with many employees reporting a high degree of job dissatisfaction (Taylor, 197). In the U.K, the company once underwent a series of the legal battle with the public perceiving the company as being unethical in its employment practices. Initially, the corporation had empowered managers to recruit employees solely without a clear guideline for the process. The action meant that managers had an upper hand in determining their preferred potential employees. The process of hiring employees was biased and lacked transparency. Consequently, the company ended up hiring the wrong employees. This sparked mass protest from the public because they felt that they were not offered equal job opportunities for the enterprise. Furthermore, the only job vacancies that were easier to secure were less motivating and dissatisfying. Consequently, negative media coverage was intensified which was a big blow to McDonald’s reputation because it adversely affected its operations in the U.K. Interestingly, most of the employees revealed that they had negative attitude towards their employer given the fact that most jobs they had been offered were of inferior quality (Taylor,198-199). McDonalds embarked on a vigorous employer branding initiative given that the image had been considerably

Greetings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greetings - Essay Example There is reverence in his actions, and his movements appear to be measured, most likely due to the importance of his role. It is difficult to determine whether the dialogue is a normal part of the ceremony, or whether there is some debate about what is going on. In the third part, one of the men speaks something softly, which is difficult to hear, but suggests that there may be some contention about the way that events are proceeding. Based on observation and listening to the four clips, most of the conversations appear to be instructions. One indication of this is the fact that they are given loudly, suggesting that they are not conversational in nature. Although multiple people do speak, their body language suggests that they are not speaking to each other, but to the room as a whole. Following this first considerations, the four scenes were reexamined, with the text above the videos and the transcripts themselves taken into account. On the basis of this it can be concluded that some of the first perspectives I proposed were correct, while others were not. The additional information agrees with the concept that this is a ceremony, and that the role of the individual distributing the kava is important. However, the one of the first lines shows that the person distributing is just a random person from the group. One part that was interesting, which was not immediately obvious when only considering the audio is the partial debate about what person should be given the kava next. One person argues that the person given the first drink should be the one who called the meeting rather than the highest ranking person. In the third clip a cup is given to one individual, who also argues that the cup should be given to the person who called the meeting before him. As such, the transcript and descriptions show that the ceremony was not as straightforward as it

Why has human trafficking become such a popular crime over the last Essay

Why has human trafficking become such a popular crime over the last three decades - Essay Example Human, weapon and environmental trafficking is alleged to influence all nations in the world, even though in diverse ways. States are separated into three groups: transit, origin and destination (Rumford 2008). Modern trafficking has been promoted by the poor economic conditions. Trafficking occurs as a result of imbalanced economic status. Internationally the majority poor are women. The number of those living under the poverty line has continued to increase tremendously as compared to the unreasonable number of men (Rumford 2008). Women frequently have the additional financial and economic load of caring and providing for children. Women and girls face discrimination that restricts their learning and employment chances. Women and girls also excessively experience sexual assault in the workplace (Kempadoo and Doezema 1998). This circumstance forces many girls and women to find alternatives abroad for job opportunities and these makes them principally defenseless to abuse. The economic position of girls and women is rampant in developing countries undergoing economic change. All of the nations of Eastern and Central Europe and Soviet Union have experienced impressive political and economic changes as they progress from centralized economies to open market structures. Although, there is remarkable variation in how these nations in this areas have experienced the change, women and girls have been pessimistically impacted by the high rates of unemployment and the failure of social agendas that survived the past (Rumford 2008). Women in Soviet states, the change has meant that they are not economically autonomous than they were before. Economic inequality both between and within nations is another factor that has greatly that promoted human and weapons trafficking in the contemporary world. Human trafficking has persistently continued to take place in low-income states

Greetings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greetings - Essay Example There is reverence in his actions, and his movements appear to be measured, most likely due to the importance of his role. It is difficult to determine whether the dialogue is a normal part of the ceremony, or whether there is some debate about what is going on. In the third part, one of the men speaks something softly, which is difficult to hear, but suggests that there may be some contention about the way that events are proceeding. Based on observation and listening to the four clips, most of the conversations appear to be instructions. One indication of this is the fact that they are given loudly, suggesting that they are not conversational in nature. Although multiple people do speak, their body language suggests that they are not speaking to each other, but to the room as a whole. Following this first considerations, the four scenes were reexamined, with the text above the videos and the transcripts themselves taken into account. On the basis of this it can be concluded that some of the first perspectives I proposed were correct, while others were not. The additional information agrees with the concept that this is a ceremony, and that the role of the individual distributing the kava is important. However, the one of the first lines shows that the person distributing is just a random person from the group. One part that was interesting, which was not immediately obvious when only considering the audio is the partial debate about what person should be given the kava next. One person argues that the person given the first drink should be the one who called the meeting rather than the highest ranking person. In the third clip a cup is given to one individual, who also argues that the cup should be given to the person who called the meeting before him. As such, the transcript and descriptions show that the ceremony was not as straightforward as it

International Commercial Arbitration Law Assignment

International Commercial Arbitration Law - Assignment Example The paper tells that an international commercial arbitration has been an element of study owing to some of the unique features it is associated with. In the era of globalization, the volume of disputes between parties in trade has increased significantly, and often the judgment provided by the local jurisdiction fails to satisfy the parties to the action. The delay in the procedure of judgment also hampers trade activities between them and becomes significant in determining market conditions. International commercial arbitration tries to solve a few of these problems by providing a mutual solution to the issues on the basis of judgment provided outside the legal framework of either country. In matters of international arbitration, the agreement covering arbitration has gained importance over the years. The method of international arbitration is widely popular for resolving disputes that arise from international commercial agreements and a wide variety of international relationships. The main advantage of international arbitration lies in the fact that parties originating from different backgrounds of culture and legal framework can resolve disputes without the consideration and formalities of the legal systems of their respective countries. Other advantages of international arbitration include the fact that it allows the avoidance of uncertainty and the practices associated with local courts regarding the procedure of litigation so that quick and efficient decisions can be reached and the dispute resolved within a short time. The process of international arbitration also grants a high amount of flexibility to the parties in the process of designing the arbitral procedures. In casesof international commercial transactions, the parties have various choices in including mechanisms for resolving disputes that arise under the contract. If a party in the arbitration remains silent for a period of time, then the disaffected party can initiate legal proceedings in a co urt and can attain jurisdiction over the other with ease (Redfern, 2005: 15). International Commercial Arbitration International commercial arbitration tends to resolve disputesinvolving commercial contracts under the guidance and supervision of a number of international institutions and bodies framing international rules. The popular bodies that deal with the issues are the International Chamber of Commerce and the International Centre for Dispute Resolution. Most of these bodies use the â€Å"terms of reference† to summarize the claims and issues of the disputes in a particular procedure, and this is then signed by the parties before the start of the legal proceedings. One of the important characteristics of international commercial arbitration is that thearbitrators try to mitigate disputes before moving to the courts. The decision imposed by international commercial arbitration is binding on both parties. Another attraction of international commercial arbitration is that distrust of foreign legal systems often influences the parties in the action, as does the anticipated cost of using such legal systems. However, switching to international commercial arbitration reduces these types of risks considerably. Arbitrators have significant

Discrimination and Human Rights Act Essay Example for Free

Discrimination and Human Rights Act Essay Introduction You have been asked by your Head Teacher to produce a document that promotes the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people. This is aimed for new members of staff and volunteers. Legislation and codes of practice 2.4 – 1.1 Identify at least two current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. You must include the correct title and date (where appropriate) and then provide a summary of each piece of legislation or code of practice that is identified. This could include: Equality Act, Human Rights Act, Inclusion policy. The Equalities Act (2010) This act is a combination of many old acts (race relations, sex discrimination and disability discrimination etc.) its two main purposes – to harmonise discrimination law and to strengthen the law to support the progress on equality. It is the most significant development in equality and discrimination for years. It sets out that everyone regardless of race, sex, religion or disability is entitled to fair treatment. The Human Rights Act (1998) This act sets out the rights and fundamental freedoms of each and every human being. All public bodies (courts, schools etc.) have to comply with the act. The act has a principal that everyone should have protection from discrimination; this has a wide range of grounds including sex, race, colour, language, religion and political or other opinions. Inclusion policy (our lady mother of the saviour catholic primary school 2011) This policy sets out that the school its self aims to be inclusive and remove barriers to learning and participation that could discriminate pupils or groups of pupils.it states in the policy that the achievements, attitudes and well-being of all children matter. Equal opportunities policy (our lady mother of the saviour catholic primary school 2011) This policy is set out in accordance with the Equalities Act 2010. It is there to promote anti-discrimination and the principle of fairness and justice for all through the education that is provided from the school. The policy also recognises that by doing this it may from time to time have to treat some pupils differently (a child with a disability will be treated as fair as possible but in situations cannot be treated the same as other pupils) 2.4 – 1.2, 1.3 Describe the importance of supporting the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access. Unfortunately studies have shown that children from poorer backgrounds attain less in school than children from higher professional families, this in its self supports the importance of supporting children in school to participation and equality of access. Ignoring these rights could lead to children having low self-esteem, a feeling of inferiority and lower levels at school. Supported in the right way children could all have a greater chance of attaining a higher level at school and a greater chance of becoming more â€Å"all rounded† as adults. Describe the importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young people. By promoting cultural diversity and valuing any type of difference in work this will reflect on the children so that they themselves will pick up these attitudes and behaviours. The importance of this is that failure to promote diversity through your own actions could result in discrimination within the children and young people. The advantages of valuing and promoting diversity are that it opens the children up to learn about new things, such as cultures and improves their knowledge and understanding. By doing this it will lead to them being more tolerant and creative adults and therefore less likely to discriminate later in life.

Nestlés Expansion into China | Analysis

Nestlà ©s Expansion into China | Analysis This paper is about the worlds largest and most famous food company Nestlà ©. If you read this paper, you will not only learn some history and management information about Nestlà ©, but you can also know how Nestlà © makes the decision to come to China and the specific process of development and getting success in Chinese market. This paper will mainly tell about four sections detailed for you. Besides, we will show you our group members thinking about Nestlà © in the conclusion. The followings are main information about four sections. Section I is about the history of Nestlà © Company. Henri Nestlà © found the company in Switzerland in the mid 1860s. Farine Lactà ©e Henri Nestlà ©, the name of Nestlà ©s first product, which saved a premature babys life and soon marketed in Europe. Then Nestlà © expands very quickly all over the world. In 1905, Nestlà © merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company and this is the beginning of Nestlà ©s expansion. Wars can always bring big changes into the world. World War II has greatly helped popularize Nescafe and Nescafe coffee became a kind of popular beverages for American servicemen. Nestlà © comes to China because of the large potential markets. Now, they have manufacturing factories in many cities in China. Section II is about where did Nestlà © expand and whether did the company expand elsewhere. Nestlà © is one of the largest food and beverage company in the world. It has abundant manufacturing facilities in almost the entire world. It is also about Nestlà © how to cultivate the relationship with Chinese government and citizen and make china become a good market for them. Because traditional Chinese didnt have the habit to drink coffee, Nestlà © have to cultivate Chinese the style of habit by advertisement and a variety of means. Nestlà © tried his best to break market barrier that he can integrated into Chinese market quickly. The Chairman of Nestlà © (China) who is called Mr. Dà ©cor vet thought that there are much difference between Chinese conceptualizes food and western food. So if Nestlà © wants to integrate into local market quickly, they must respect Chinese brands unique qualities. Section III is about the form that Nestlà © came into China. When Nestlà © first came into china in 1987, it chose Shuangcheng which is located in Heilongjiang province to develop itself. However, at that time, Nestlà © didnt have much power, so it chose partnership. In order to improve the level of training that was provided to the local farmers, Nestlà © decided to cooperate with the Shuangcheng government. After developing a long time, Nestlà © choose another partnership with Yinlu. Later, Nestlà © chose joint venture with Yinlu and Hsu Fu Chi to strengthen itself. Resulting from these two forms coming into China, Nestlà © has got a great popularity in all generations in China. Nestlà © makes many profits and it bring much benefit to Chinese at the same time. Section IV is about the organization structure taken by Nestlà © in coming to China. Nestlà © is very successful and it used a proper organizational structure. The matrix structure is efficient and effective. The structure is very flexible and can respond rapidly to the need for change. The key strategy taken by Nestlà © in coming to China is developing partnership. The strategy helps Nestlà © achieve great success in the market of China. Nestlà © develops quickly in China with not only partnership, but also with joint venture. Nestlà © also have four levels in hierarchy. The four parts are respectively, board of directors, executive board, honorary chairman and financial transactions. Nestlà © Company is a decentralized and aligned organization. There are typically three levels of management in organizations: top-level, middle-level, and first-level. Our group is made up of five persons who are Pauline, Serena, Quinn, Hathaway and Mike. Pauline is the leader of the group and she is responsible for the section III and the second question in the section IV. As the leader of the group, Pauline also writes the executive summary to totally introduce the whole paper. Quinn is responsible for the section I and the first question in the section II. Mike who is the only boy in our group is responsible for the remaining five questions in the section II. Serena and Hathaway are both responsible for the section IV. The former writes the front four questions except the second one and the latter introduces the eventual four questions. All of our group members write the conclusion together, because we feel that all of us should know what general content about our work is and we can finish the conclusion better with discussion. We decide this plan for the project, because Quinn as well as Mike is patient, so they are suitable for some detailed q uestions, such as history of Nestlà ©. Pauline is good at organizing and combining the information, so she write about the form Nestlà © came into China, which is connected to the current condition of Nestlà © in China. Serena and Hathaway can do a good job in researching, so they write the organization structure. In order to be fair, each group member writes about three to four big questions. Section I starts at page 3. Three sections left start respectively at page 6, 8 and 10. We all feel very happy to finish the paper in this way. We divide the research and information into six groups, which are four sections, a summary and a conclusion. In four sections, we beginning introduce the history of Nestlà © from which people can know the basic information about Nestlà ©. And then, we tell about the reasons for Nestlà © came to China and the form of Nestlà © came to China. The last section is about organization structure taken by Nestlà © that is deep-going content about Nestlà ©. After reading these four sections, people can know much about Nestlà © and how it goes in China. At last, we talk over each other and write the conclusion that expresses our further thinking and understanding about Nestlà ©. We also use the executive summary to tell reader the general information about our company and the arrangement of our paper. We all sincerely hope that readers will like our paper about Nestlà ©. Section I: History of  Nestlà © In the mid 1860s, Nestlà © was run in Switzerland by Henri Nestlà ©. At the very beginning, Nestlà © was found to help those mothers who have problems in breastfeeding babies. Henri realized the need for baby formulas and decided to create this kind of new products. He mixed cows milk, flour and sugar up to provide babies with necessary nutrition. Farine Lactà ©e Henri Nestlà © was the name of its first product. It saved a premature babys life and soon marketed in Europe. (English Tea Store, English Tea Store, , October 30, 2012) The Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, whose founders were Americans Charles and George Page, merged with Nestlà © after they had been fierce competitors for a long time. Finally, they formed the Nestlà © and Anglo-Swiss Milk Company together. (Nestlà ©, Nestlà ©, , October 27, 2012) Heiko Schipper, managing director of Nestlà © Food Beverage, Greater China region claimed that they were planning to increase their investment in China and treated coffee business as one of the key growth engines. (CHINADAILY, Li Fngfang, , October 27, 2012) Take coffee as an example. As we all know, Brazil is famous for coffee. At the outset, Nestlà © developed soluble coffee to help Brazilian farmers solve problems about hardship and crop waste. This is an early example of innovation and sustainable development for Nestlà © Company. (Nescafe, Nescafe, , October 30, 2012) Nestlà © expands into China because of the potential of markets in China. The Chinese coffee market has increased 15 percent annually during these years, far higher than the global average. Xiong Xiangru, secretary-general of the Yunnan Coffee Association, predicted that Chinas coffee consumption will reach 1 trillion Yuan annually in 10 years, and the mature market could be worth as much as 3 trillion Yuan by 2030. This may encourage Nestlà © to come to China to a great extent. (CHINADAILY, Li Fngfang, , October 30, 2012) In 1905   the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company merged with Nestlà © and this is Nestlà ©s first expansion. (Nestlà ©, Nestlà ©, , October 27, 2012) World War II has greatly helped popularize Nescafe. Before the war, initial launch of Nescafe was slow. Nescafe coffee became a very common beverage for American servicemen in Europe and Asia when USA entered the war. Coffee helps people relaxed and gives them energy when they feel tired. This kind of amazing beverage became popular very soon. (Nestlà ©, Nestlà ©, , October 27, 2012) In China, sales have grown around 20%, which shows the potential of developing economies. However, Nestlà © has been losing market share and this may be changed by purchasing. Take Pfizer as an example. Nestlà © bought Pfizer to be more competitive. Reports showed that about 85% of sales for Pfizers business came from developing economies and about one-third of the Pfizer units revenue is from China. The acquisition of Pfizers business which came at a premium price will go a long way to addressing that China problem by adding about $800 million in sales in that country people related said about that. (Msn MONEY, Jim J. Jubak,  , October 27, 2012) Nestlà © has many manufacturing factories oversea. It obeys all rules and standards, such as ISO 14001 (environmental management), OHSAS 18001 (occupational health and safety) and ISO 22000 (food safety management systems). The company controls all parts of manufacturing. That doesnt mean that we will not co-manufacture where there are advantages to doing so, such as speed to market or access to technology, McIntosh says, but we invariably find that we are much more cost-effective in-house than out-of-house. (FOOD PROCESSING, Bob Sperber, Plant Operations Editor, , October 30, 2012) Nestlà © set its first Chinese RD center in Shanghai in purpose to open Asian markets. We continue to invest in our RD capability in Asia, because we know this brings us closer to local consumers, and gives us a greater understanding of the raw materials used to make the products they enjoy, says Johannes Baensch, head of Nestlà ©s research and development division. (Tce, Richard Jansen, , October 30, 2012) Now Nestlà © has companies in many places, such as Guangdong, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Fujian, Anhui, Beijing, Sichuan and so on. It has been expanding steps by steps. (Food China net, Food China net, http://www.foodchinanet.com/supplier/Nestlà ©/>, October 28, 2012) Section II:  Nestlà © Expansion Roland Dà ©cor vet, the food giants China chief executive, said that in spite of facing its own economic slowdown, offers Nestlà © long-term growth opportunities. As now, middle class is playing more important roles in society and this definitely leads to increasing need for dairy products and on-the-go foods. China is a country with a large popularity and it can provide Nestlà © with larger markets they dont assume before. Hsu Fu Chi, a famous candy company, Nestlà © bought a 60% stake from it to bet on big growth in China. This can be powerful evidence that predicts China is a part of a bigger globalization strategy for Nestlà ©. The purpose of the company is to take more shares in Chinese markets and make its globalization conduct well. (THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, LAURIE BURKITT and JOHN REVILL, , October 30, 2012) Nestlà © is one of the largest food and beverage company in the world. There are more than 450 manufacturing facilities in over 80 countries and Nestlà © markets its products in 130 countries across the world. Nestlà © have planed to disease-resistant coffee plants to famers who are in many developing countries such as Mexico, Indonesia by private institutions because he wants to produce Raw materials and sell their product easily in these countries. In 60 countries, Nestlà © has more than 400 factories and employs abundant employees of local person. Nestlà © has expanded almost the entire world and it is a super company. (Facts and figures Nescafe Plan, Nestlà ©, page 1, November 8, 2012) As a transnational enterprise who has a long-term development plan, the most important development strategy for Nestlà © is to find the market which has development potential. In 1987 of the China, the tide of reform and opening up is slowly forward, society as a whole business environment is in a vigorous development of the embryonic stage. Because of its vast size, many Chinese provinces, and each district economy development is not balanced, protectionism, these elements for any foreign enterprise especially transnational enterprise, is a strong resistance. In order to cultivate the relationship with Chinese local government and citizen, Nestlà © constructed a new farming institute in Heilongjiang province. Nestlà © agreed to support technical assistance and train for local famers. Nestlà © want to get win-win by working with famers in this way. (Nestlà © leads dairy development in China with new training institute, Nestlà ©, , November 8, 2012) For Nestlà © who has rich experience, how to break the market barrier and integrate into local market is very important. Nescafe knew that if he wants to root in china firmly, he must consider how to seek the economic benefits to the local people and win their favor in order to solve the problem of Nescafe that it can have milk enough, Nestlà © sent a team of experts from Europe. Not only did it establish a collection network and acquisition system to encourage farmers enthusiasm, but also he taught farmers about dairy technology and milking technology. This is a very difficult thing at that time and it is also more difficult than training a qualified engineer for Nestlà ©. In this way, not only did Nestlà © solve the problem of raw materials supplement, but also it provided a stable daily income for local farmers, there are many farmers and their families living have been fundamentally improved due to its help. The development of ways that could assist the local economic develo pment and help farmers to improve the income which got the Chinese government high approval, meanwhile it helped Nescafe win a good social image. (Nestlà ©s management of dairy supply chain in China, Nestlà ©, , November 8, 2012) Chinas coffees consumption is few at that time, so Nescafe had the problems of supplement at the beginning. Traditional Chinese didnt have the habit to drink coffee. With natural, healthy concept winning the support among the people, tea beverage grows steadily in china. Nestlà ©s opponent is not the coffee sugar , but Chinese traditional tea. When Nescafes instant coffee was introduced to China, Nescafe planed to cultivate the Chinese habit of drinking coffee by advertisement and a variety of means in face of Chinese traditional tea drinking habits. It intended to attract a group of young to choose coffee by Propagandizing that drinking coffee is a kind of fashion, the trend, successfully, and then Nescafe coffee could increase his sales volume in the market. Nescafe admits that he has enough patience to cultivate market and improve product quality. At the same time, in order to suit ones measures to local conditions, Nestlà © designed promotional strategy that minimized the SP ac tivity, and turn to advertising and public relations, to establish long-term consumption preference. For example, in Shanghai, Nescafe Company is enthusiast to support university community activities, such as theatrical festival land English corner. The company is also willing to make special subject report in University and give company information and culture to students. (The Nestlà © People Development Review, Nestlà ©, page 37, November 8, 2012) Mr. Dà ©cor vet who is Chairman of Nestlà © (China) thought that the Chinese conceptualize food and westerns have much difference, and Nestlà © must respect Chinese brands unique qualities and learn from them in order that company can integrate into local market quickly. He also thought that they need to teach farmers about dairy technology and milking technology because it can help them to cultivate the relationship with local government and Resident. (CELBS, June, , November 8, 2012) Section III:  Nestlà © in China When Nestlà © first came into china in 1987, it chose Shuangcheng which is located in Heilongjiang province to develop itself. However, at that time, Nestlà © didnt have much power, so it chose partnership. In order to improve the level of training that was provided to the local farmers, Nestlà © decided to cooperate with the Shuangcheng government. In this way, Nestlà © could make much progress and improve its service and the quality of products, which can attract more consumers. They all knew that good training can improve peoples overall quality which plays an important role in team work. Considering that local farmers lacked money, Nestlà © provided economic assistance for them and distributed many free milking machines to them. Due to this help, local farmers didnt need to manufacture dairy products with hand, which improved the efficiencies and effectiveness. This measure really did well to local farmers and improved the speed and quality of producing dairy products. Nestl à © made much effort to develop the rural area during years, and the company has also provided credit guarantees to farmers which ensure the potential to grow farmers businesses. Therefore, local farmers were all full of energy to expand dairy products and were confident that they can make success. The partnership work between Nestlà © and Shuangcheng government is called Creating Shared Value, which tried to make profits for the companys shareholders and those communities where it operates at the same time. During decades, Nestlà © has made Shuangcheng play the important role in the dairy districts. (Nestlà © leads dairy development in China with new training institute, Nestlà ©, , October 30, 2012f) After cooperating with Shuangcheng government, Nestlà © has made many profits, and it also helped the local city develop a lot. Nestlà © didnt want to stop there, so it looked for another target and finally chose another partnership with a Chinese family-owned firm Yinlu. As Yinlu has a long history in China, it has already got a good reputation. Moreover, Yinlu established a significant market for ready-to-drink peanut milk as well as canned rice porridge in China. Nestlà © wanted to combine its technology with Yinlus reputation to make much progress. Therefore, Nestlà © declared that it had taken some stake in Yinlu. Considering that Yinlu is a co-manufacturer for ready-to-drink Nescafe coffee in China, Nestlà © has decided to cooperate with it and achieved successful achievement with Yinlu before this agreement. The CEO of Nestlà © considered that the partnership between two companies would bring healthy, affordable and tasty products to all consumers in China. Of course, th e foregoing goal must be based not only on Yinlus entrepreneurship, product expertise, and consumer understanding, but also on Nestlà ©s innovation and renovation capabilities. The chairman Chen of Yinlu thought that the partnership represents a very significant landmark which is in Yinlus long-standing aspiration to be a typical and favorite brand for customers. As Nestlà © comes into China over twenty years and cooperates with local companies in China, it operates 23 factories and employs 14,000 people, which really do well for Chinese. (Nestlà © to enter partnership with Chinese food company Yinlu, Nestlà ©, , October 30, 2012) However, partnership was not the only option of Nestlà © to come into China. As Nestlà © develops many years in China, it chose partnership at first and then it expanded for joint venture. Nestlà © uses two RD units in Xiamen and Dongguan to support its joint ventures with Chinese food companies Yinlu and Hsu Fu Chi. Moreover, the unit in Xiamen will specialize in ready-to-drink beverages and will support Yinlu. Hsu Fu Chi is a famous snack-selling company in China, and it enjoys the large popularity among all ages in China. Therefore, Nestlà © and Hsu Fu Chi had got much benefit from the joint venture. Two companies looked forward to the long-term cooperation. Head of RD in Nestlà © thought that Nestlà © would continue to invest in their RD because of this program bringing them closer to local consumers who are very important for their future market. The investment in Xiamen and Dongguan reflects its long-term commitment to improve nutrition and food science in China. The join t venture helps Nestlà © become more popular among Chinese and now almost every young person knows the watchword of Nestlà © which says Good Food, Good Life. (Nestlà © strengthens research and development capability in China, Nestlà ©, , October 30, 2012) Nestlà © makes the decision that it chooses partnership and joint venture to come into China, and these decisions are based on some considerable factors. China has a large amount of persons and its economy wasnt developed fast in 1980s. As this current condition in China, Nestlà © decided to expand its investment and development. Therefore, Nestlà © decided to exploit this potential market. However, at that time, Chinese couldnt be used to and accept Nestlà ©s products. In this way, Nestlà © chose partnership and joint venture, from which it can be easily accepted by local Chinese and it can improve its technology and taste of products. Nestlà © believed that its partnership and joint venture would get success. Whats more, Nestlà © will go further in China. (Cereal partners worldwide transcript, Nestlà ©, page 3, October 30, 2012) Section IV: Organization Structure in China The strategy is the most important contingency. The key strategy taken by Nestlà © in coming to China is developing partnership. In order to create supply chains, Nestlà © has built great infrastructure through the China. Through these years, Nestlà © in China has developed partnership with many brands, including 6 China famous brands, 1 strong regional brand. Besides, it has developed leadership in 11 categories. Nestlà © Company focuses on 3 platforms. All of platforms have clear strengths and expertise. Each of platforms has planned explicit strategies. Key accounts of Nestlà © Dry Grocery are few key distributors. Yinlu and Ready-to-drink coffee are high point of sales coverage, and distribute mostly to lower-tier cities. The direct distribution of Hsu Fu Chi is pick mix and impulse model. (Our partnerships have enhanced Nestlà ©s capability, Nestlà ©, page 10, October 29, 2012) Besides, the human resources are also the most important contingency. Today, across the country, there are 21 factories and Nestlà ©s employs around China are 13,000 people. Every day, its coffee, bouillon, milk and ice cream products are distributed in China, which are its best-sellers. Nestlà ©s will also employ 1,500 workers to meet the goals that that have settled for 2013. Nestlà ©s human assets are one of the most important characteristics that differentiate it in the marketplace. Identifying, recruiting, and retaining top talent across its company are only the beginnings of the story. Human resources teams of Nestlà © cultivate its culture through employee learning and foster its sustained growth by ensuring employee passion is directed to help deliver on business goals. (Nestlà © China hires 1,500 for new bouillon factory, Xieli Lee, Singapore, , October 29, 2012) Yes, I think it is organized in the best way. The partnerships have drastically changed the capabilities of Nestlà ©s with Yinlu, Hsu Fu Chi and so on. Human resources of Nestlà © in China cultivate culture through employee learning and foster sustained growth by ensuring employee passion is directed to help deliver on business goals. As a tycoon in the field of food, Nestlà © has an all-round system and uses part of job characteristics to manage its employees. Nestlà © applies good compliance to help it earn trust with its employees, consumers, investors and governments. Nestlà © opened Nestlà © Business Services Africa in Accra, Ghana. Result from Nestlà ©s compliance and reasonable arrangement, NBS will get support from employees from many countries with some activities such as invoice payment and payroll. All employees who are under these thoughtful arrangements try their best to use all kinds of skills to make contributions to Nestlà ©, no matter in manufacturing or purchasing, which reflects skill variety. Furthermore, Nestlà © makes a project concerning health and safety regimes in all countries, and these countries make many operations. Nestlà © also pay much attention to protection of the health and welfare of employees and contractors. Therefore, employees can focus on the task, and be responsibl e for whole of it, which reflects the task identity. (Nestlà © annual report 2011, Nestlà ©, , October 29, 2012) The CEO of Nestlà © (China) said that Nestlà ©s manufacturing mission in China is to produce advanced, world class quality dairy products for all generations in China. Above all, the quality and safety of products are non-negotiable. In order to get this goal, all employees are committed to it, which reflects task significance. They set direct relationship with local farmers and make a unique dairy collection model. Besides, they make the world-class production and processing, and apply the latest technology and safety standards. All of these actions are based on their attention to task significance. (Nestlà ©s management of dairy supply chain in China, Nestlà ©, ,) October 30, 2012 As a manger of Nestlà © Company, in order to increase the number of tasks for a given job to reduce boredom, he can increase motivation by asking employees to do more sound counter-intuitive. The job can be enlarged. In order to increase the degree of responsibility a worker has over a job and increase workers involvement. A manager can divided employees into departments. When workers typically specialize in one area and the manager instead pitch in wherever their help is needed, the job can be enriched. At last, active management of the enrichment and enlargement process will achieve the greatest return. The job of a manager can be enlarged and enriched. Nestlà © Company uses a matrix structure. The organizational structure groups people and resources by function and product. Each employee has two bosses- functional manager and product manager. The structure is very flexible and can respond rapidly to the need for change. As we can see, Nestlà ©s Company as a decentralized organization allows its subordinate organizations to enjoy a relatively high-level of autonomy. It makes major strategy decisions at the headquarter level, and daily operations are left up to subordinate organizations to derive and implement. (Organizational Chart Nestlà © TheOfficialBoard, Theofficialboard, , October 29, 2012) Some other organizational structures are greater efficiency or effectiveness. Firstly, I think the move to a product team structure can lead to greater efficiency or effectiveness. The members are permanently assigned to the team and empowered to bring a product to market. The great strength of a product team structure is that this structure avoids two people with two different ideas, since people always take different opinions on the same issue and it may sometimes cause a lot of conflicts. The weaknesses of matrix structure the Nestlà © in China uses is that it demands functional and product team bosses. So the product team structure solves the problem efficiency. A product team structure, with one manager in charge of the entire process, generally reduces a d cut down the conflicts between managers. The team remains focused on the product rollout, with the manager removing obstacles from the staff members path. Besides, a functional organization which is included in a product group can share information about its particular discipline. Whats more, cross-fu nctional team is composed of a group of managers from different, so all of the members have a chance to grow within their functional area. Each employ can take more managerial roles and play the better role in a product team. In this way, staff members work together, chasing for the same goal and finishing the same product, and the job can be done quite well. Secondly, I think the move to a Hybrid structure can lead to greater efficiency or effectiveness. The structure of a large organization that has many divisions a simultaneously uses many different organizational structures. Manager can choose the best structure that can lead to the company more effective and efficient. There are many structures, like functional structure, geographic structure and so on. As the worlds biggest food company, the factories and markets of Nestlà © are settled up the entire world. In China, there have been 21 factories now. Different areas have different situations. So the company should divide different structures for each city in China. The ability to break a large organization into smaller units makes it easier to manage. For an example, in Chinas local market, Yihaodian, has grown rapidly and built up an amazing supply chain network in a short time. As the largest B2C online supermarket in China, it won the title of the most popular mall and the most popular food beverage mall of the year at 2011-2012 the second China top retail network selection list award this year in Beijing. As the new chain, if Nestlà © just use the same structure of Hsu Fu Chi or Yinlu, the chain may be not work well. So it is important to choose the best structure for each of the special chain. Whats more, as the worlds biggest food company, there are many challenges. The company need have the ability to adjust each structure for each chain when meet some emergencies and choose the best structure to meet challenges. In my opinion, the move to a Hybrid structure can lead to greater efficiency or effectiveness.

Religion Essay -- The Catholic Church

Long believed relationships between society’s culture and the ability to sustain a democratic form; have been evaluated over the years. Other cultures or religions have been proven to exhibit more conduciveness of democracy than others. Persistence of democracy within a religion falls under choice of assumptions, actions and costs toward others. As a religious institution, democracy applies also to cultural perspectives. The American Catholic Church could analyze democracy with ongoing tensions as social competitors of power or resources. Seeking the related aspects of Catholicism and democracy, the actions and words of the clergy directly influence political outcomes. The circumstances of the life of modern man have been so profoundly changed in their social and cultural aspects that we can speak of a new age of human history (Gaudiam ET Spes). Linking democracy and Catholicism, accounts for many elements of valued tensions within its religious system. â€Å"By and large. Catholic cultures have not been leaders in discovering and designing the institution of democracy or the protection of human rights but have come rather late to these traditions. Further, Catholic cultures seem on the whole rather more vulnerable to the traditional style of a single person leadership, as in the monarchies of old and in the dictatorships of today. † Churches deal with different states, but more importantly the churches address the potential shape of public opinion on political matters. Networks such as schools, religious orders, trade unions, political parties have made a force in the world of Catholic democracy. The spirit of democracy unleashed by the revolution inspired individuals to become involved. Emerging from this revolution brought forth a ... ...rch as a big ship on the sea, or a toolbox, continuity with Catholics all over, proves within this paradox, you are never alone. Today, the human race is involved in a new stage of history. Profound and rapid changes are spreading by degrees around the whole world. Triggered by the intelligence and creative energies of man, these changes recoil upon him, upon his decisions and desires, both individual and collective, and upon his manner of thinking and acting with respect to things and to people. Hence we can already speak of a true cultural and social transformation, one which has repercussions on man's religious life as well (Gaudium ET Spes). Look at the change over time, what all has happened and the evolution of the church. Reapplied to new situations, it can be said that the church does not change; the church is just refined through changes in the world.

The Departed/Internal Affairs Film Comparison

The Departed, a film directed by Martin Scorsese, won an Oscar for Best Picture, as well as 3 other Academy Awards. The story however, is based on a 2002 Hong Kong film directed by Wai-keung Lau and Siu Fai Mak, Mougaan dou; better known to us as Infernal Affairs. The similarities between these two crime/drama/thrillers are great. In The Departed, director Martin Scorsese takes the story into his own style of storytelling, but the adaptation of the screenplay originally written by director Siu Fai Mak and Felix Chong is almost identical to the screenplay by William Monahan adapted for The Departed. The key overall difference between the two films can be attributed to their setting. Infernal Affairs, based in Hong Kong, was adapted or â€Å"Americanized† to fit American customs and situations, namely the situation in south Boston with the Irish mafia â€Å"some time ago. Neither film specifies an exact historical era. There is an equivalent to most Infernal Affairs characters in The Departed: you have the mole in the Hong Kong IAU (internal affairs unit), Inspector Lau Kin Ming, played by Andy Lau, who is the equivalent to Matt Damon’s role as the mole in the Boston State Police, Colin Sullivan; there’re the undercover cops, Chan Wing Yan (Tony Leung Chi Shing) and William Costigan Jr. (Le onardo Di Caprio); there’s the boss of the Hong Kong mafia (the Triads), Hon Sam (Eric Tsang), and the Irish mafioso, Frank Costello (Jack Nicholson). The head of the Boston State Police is Captain Queenan (Martin Sheen), who is mirrored after SP Wong Chi Shing (Anthony Wong Chau-Sang). There is no real equivalent to Mark Walberg’s character, Staff Sgt. Dignam, but I’m glad they added him. The two films share similar style and techniques; however it is easy to distinguish Scorsese’s directing. Both films make good use of moving shots, which only add to the liveliness of the action. The Departed has virtually no special effects at all, using editing to only to cut and colour correct. Infernal Affairs is similar to that, but makes much more use of fast editing and montage, using slight special effects for transitions and introducing key characters, using a combination of freeze frame and a desaturation filter for instance. Small effects are used in moderation throughout the film to add to the movie’s overall intensity, and makes fast cuts with multiple angles to create emphasis and a fast-paced feel in certain scenes. The overall style of the films is fairly similar: predominant use of medium to long shots, steadicam, tracking, and crane shots can be seen throughout both films. Therefore this Creates fast paced movements and a flow which also generates this overall feel of realism. Both films start relatively the same: the gang boss recruits new, young blood to put through the academy to work as moles for them. Although Costello recruits Sullivan at an earlier age than Sam, they both seem to be raising workers for the same purpose (at the beginning, we see other kids in the car shop with Colin, who can be expected to be there for the same reason), and the stories each focus on Colin (Costello’s mole), Lau (Sam’s mole), Costigan (State Police undercover), and Wing-Yan

Business Culture in Italy

Doing business abroad introduces international business people to differences in approaches to business, business etiquette and protocol. Although these may not be crucial to business proceedings they should not be dismissed as unnecessary. Cross cultural awareness can enhance the potential of the international business person's trip considerably. Let us look at a brief example: There are two business people each planning on doing business in Italy. Both have similar proposals. One ignores the possible impact of culture and concentrates their efforts on the business proposal. The other also invests time and energy in the proposal but in addition realises that doing business in Italy is a lot different to doing business in the UK or USA. They look into the business etiquette of Italy, the way in which meetings are conducted and negotiation styles. Nine times out of ten the latter of the two will have the advantage. They will be able to tailor their proposal and demeanour to gel better with the Italian way. In addition, they would endear themselves to the Italian hosts. This guide to doing business in Italy is designed as a brief introduction to areas business people should take into consideration before travelling to Italy. Doing Business – Etiquette Good manners and courtesy are prized qualities in Italy. When doing business in Italy ensure your conduct is always polished. There are etiquettes and protocols for many social and business situations, however, it is important to remember that Italians rate considerateness above behavioural formulas. When meeting and departing always shake hands. This is valid for both individuals and groups. After doing business in Italy for a period of time and building relationships do not be surprised if you are embraced when being met. This indicates the relationship has reached an intimate level. When doing business in Italy you will notice that little personal space is left between people when interacting. In addition, Italians are a tactile people. Moving away or keeping your distance may be interpreted as cold and unfriendly. If you are familiar with Italian, use the polite ‘lei' form until a relationship is established, then use the more informal ‘tu' form. When doing business in Italy, address people using ‘Signor' (m) or ‘Signora' (f) followed by their surname. ‘Dottore' (m) or ‘Dottoressa' (f) is used for those who have graduated. When doing business in Italy, dress to impress. It is no coincidence that Versace, Gucci, Prada and Dolce & Gabbana are all Italian fashion houses. Italians like to make an impression with their clothes. What you wear speaks volumes about the kind of person you are. Doing Business – Punctuality Italians are usually relaxed around issues relating to time. Being late with a good reason will not have any negative consequences. However, deliberate lateness is considered sloppy and taking people's time for granted is simply rude. When doing business in Italy err on the side of caution and aim to be punctual. Doing Business – Business Entertaining Hospitality plays a key role in Italian business culture. Invitations to lunch and dinner are to be expected when doing business there. At such occasions a small exclusive group will usually be present. Each attendee will have a particular interest in your visit. If you plan to host a meal, ask the most senior Italian contact who you should invite. Dining does have certain protocol in Italy. However, do not place too much emphasis on this as more time would be spent worrying about etiquette mistakes than enjoying the experience. Major etiquette tips are that the most honoured guest sits at the middle of the table or on the right of the host; the host always pays; pass dishes to the left; keep your knife in the right hand and fork in the left and do not answer phone calls at the table. Doing Business – Meeting and Negotiations Italians prefer to do business with someone they know. When doing business in Italy, use contacts and networks to introduce you before proceeding to set up meetings. To arrange a meeting write, in Italian, first. Follow this up with a phone call, fax or e-mail. The best time for meetings is between 10 – 11 a. m. and after 3 p. m. Avoid August as most businesses will run on skeleton staff due to holidays. Negotiations can be slow. Demonstrating a sense of urgency is seen as a sign of weakness. At the beginning of a meeting avoid business and concentrate on some small talk. Topics of discussion could include Italian culture, food, wine and football (soccer). Italians will take away proposals and analyse them carefully. Be sure to offer as much information as possible in written form for them to take away. A known Italian tactic is to dramatically change demands at the eleventh hour to unsettle or test the flexibility of their counterparts. Remain firm. Location: Southern Europe, bordering Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3. 2 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 232 km, Switzerland 740 km Capital: Rome Climate: predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south Population: 58,057,477 (July 2004 est. ) Ethnic Make-up: Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south) Religions: predominately Roman Catholic with mature Protestant and Jewish communities and a growing Muslim immigrant community Government: republic The Italian Language Italian is the official language of Italy, and 93% of population are native Italian speakers. Around 50% of population speak a regional dialect as mother tongue. Many dialects are mutually unintelligible and thus considered by linguists as separate languages, but are not officially recognised. Friulian, one of these dialects, is spoken by 600,000 people in the north east of Italy, which is 1% of the entire population. Other northern minority languages include Ladin, Slovene, German, which enjoys equal recognition with Italian in the province of Alto-Adige, and French, which is legally recognised in the Alpine region of the Val d'Aosta. Albanian is spoken by 0. 2% of the population, mainly in the southern part of Italy, as too are Croatian and Greek. Catalan is spoken in one city, Alghero, on the island of Sardinia, by around 0. 07% of the population. On the rest of the island, Sardinian is spoken by over 1m, which comes to 1. 7% of the Italian population.

Radiotherapy Treatment Cancerous Diseases Clinac Health And Social Care Essay

Radiotherapy intervention has a important and critical axial rotation in the intervention of cancerous diseases. Different types of techniques were used for this intent. In past, conventional radiation therapy technique was used. But it did non efficaciously used for intervention of tumours located in sensitive countries of homo organic structure which have limited tolerance for radiation doses [ 1 ] .Modern twenty-four hours radiation therapy consists of 3D conformal radiation therapy and strength modulated radiation therapy ( IMRT ) . After the development of oculus position show of beam, 3D conformal radiation therapy was used for clinical intent in 1978. [ 2 ] ( Reinstein et Al. ( 28 ) and McShan et Al ) In 3D conformal radiation therapy, present the high doses to aim volume while determining the beam to minimise the dosage to the environing normal tissues. To avoid the inauspicious effects of radiations during intervention, protect the normal tissues by determining the intervention Fieldss with lead blocks [ 12 ] . In this procedure, 3D image computing machine imaging and magnetic resonance imagination ( CT, MRI ) are used to turn up the tumours and other septic variety meats accurately [ 13 ] . In this technique we could non used more than four intervention field programs before the development of MLCs in CLINAC [ 14 ] . After the development of MLCs, it is possible to protect the normal tissues by determining the intervention Fieldss to present the high doses to the mark volume accurately. In some instances like prostate, caput and cervix, it is impossible to salvage normal tissues during the bringing of high energy dosage to the tumour even by utilizing the 3D conformal technique [ 15 ] . For this intent a new technique Intensity modulated radiation therapy was introduced. In this technique, a patient is treated from a figure of different waies by utilizing a non unvarying intense beam. In IMRT technique, it is possible to present the high doses to aim volume while determining the beam to minimise the dosage to the environing normal tissues. It is achieved by utilizing compensators, cuneuss or MLCs. [ 16 ] IMRT techniques are dearly-won and significantly complex than 3D CRT. In radiation therapy intervention, radiations are used for malignant neoplastic disease intervention by avoiding the healthy tissues. These radiations destroy malignant neoplastic disease infected cells wholly. Generally radiation beams of X raies, gamma beams, and negatrons are used during intervention of malignant neoplastic disease diseases. In radiation therapy, assorted types of machines are used for the intervention of malignant neoplastic disease tumours by utilizing high energy photons and negatron beams [ 1 ] . In early 1900 ‘s, ace electromotive force and low energy X raies machines were used for malignant neoplastic disease intervention. But these machines could non handle the deep sitting tumours due to their hapless deepness dose distribution [ 2 ] . In 1950s, with the development of first practical mega-voltage machine Co-60, it was possible to handle deep seated tumours with photons. As the beginning of radiation in Co-60 unit has no point beginning, so its dimensions produce the geometric and transmittal penumbra. [ 3 ] Due to this penumbra, the dose distribution is non unvarying at the field border. Therefore Co-60 unit does non supply the ideal deepness dose distribution at the field edges. After the development of magnetron or klystrons, microwave tubings, charge atoms were accelerated by high frequence electromagnetic moving ridges through these tubings. For this intent foremost additive gas pedal were developed in 1950s. [ 4 ] In 1953 first medical linear gas pedal was used in Hammersmith Hospital in London [ 5 ] . At the beginning, accurate bringing of radiations to septic cells of a patient was major job. To decide this job, British Institute of Radiology ( BIR ) compiled a cardinal axis dose distribution informations, published in British diary of Radiology ( BJR ) supplement 5 in 1953. [ 1 ] Clinical additive gas pedal ( CLINAC ) is a megavoltage machine with less geometric and transmittal penumbra, used for malignant neoplastic disease intervention [ 6 ] . Clinical additive gas pedal has quickly improved its design and engineering with the transition of clip. A modern twenty-four hours computing machine controlled clinical additive gas pedals with double energy and multileaf collimators ( MLC ) technique provides fast, more accurate and precise dose bringing to the malignant neoplastic disease infected cells by avoiding the normal environing tissues [ 7 ] . It provides both negatrons and X-ray photons of assorted mega electromotive force energy scopes. In modern twenty-four hours additive gas pedal, high energy negatrons are produced which are used for superficial tumours. These negatrons are besides used to bring forth high energy x beams which are used for deep sitting tumours [ 8 ] .The Role of Medical PhysicistsThe medical physicists must carry through following dut ies before choice of CLINAC To develop demands, specifications and recommendations for the choice of the CLINAC To program and supervise the building installations including screening design to house the CLINAC. To supervise all the installing processs To execute credence testing of the machine To execute commissioning of the machine for clinical intent To come in all get informations during commissioning into intervention planning system To set up new processs for the effectual and safety usage of gas pedal To set up processs for quality confidence and quality control on the day-to-day footingAcceptance TestAfter the installing of radiation therapy machine, for credence trial a series of undertakings and measurings must execute to verify the specifications and safety criterion. In credence trial, physicists must verify three chief processs Safety cheques Mechanical cheques Dosimetry measurings In safety cheques, the medical physicists must verify that all interlocks and warning visible radiations are proper operation. In mechanical cheques, it must guarantee that all the parts of intervention unit including intervention tabular array are accurately working. In dosimetry measurings, specifications and uniformity of photon and negatron beams verified.CommissioningAfter complete and satisfactory credence trial, it is non possible to utilize clinical additive gas pedal ( CLINAC ) straight for intervention intent. All informations acquired during the credence proving are non sufficient to committee a radiation therapy machine in the intervention planning system. Commission is the procedure of fixing the processs, protocols, instructions and dosimetry informations for clinical prospectus. AAMP codification of pattern for gas pedals ( TG 45 ) provides elaborate information about all these commissioning processs and besides discuses the demands for specific beam informations. All measurings of commissioning should be made by to the full trained and qualified medical physicist. During commissioning, following undertakings must be achieved. Acquire all informations for external beam radiation therapy for intervention intent. Form all informations into a dosimetry informations book Enter all information into the intervention planning system ( TPS ) Develop all intervention planning processs Verifying the truth of all processs Establish quality control processs Training all individuals Machine-specific beam informations for commissioning is extremely dependent on the dose calculation- algorithms used in the intervention planning system. The model-base dose calculation-algorithms ( convolution/superposition ) require much less measured informations than correction-based algorithms ( tantamount TAR, etc. ) . Irrespective of the dose calculation-algorithm, it is necessary to hold a minimal dataset for several energy scopes of photon and negatron beams that includes Percentage deepness dosage ( unfastened, cuneus ) for several field sizes Off axis unfastened and wedge beam profiles ( cross plane, In plane ) for all field sizes End product factors Wedge factors ( difficult and practical ) Calibrated dose rate Effective beginning to come up distance ( merely for negatron ) It is ensured that all beam and dosimetry informations acquired during commissioning of CLINAC must compare with all the specifications and published informations of the same available theoretical account. It is strongly recommended that all the processs of commissioning must be carefully executed and planned because all the get beam informations is used for patient ‘s intervention. Therefore, for completion of all undertakings and measurings in commissioning, an appropriate clip tabular array must be scheduled. All the undertakings achieved during commissioning procedure of CLINAC can be estimated to necessitate 1 to 2 hebdomad per energy.Percentage Depth DosePercentage deepness dosage is defined as the ratio of absorbed dosage at any depth D on the cardinal axis of beam to absorbed dosage at Dmax multiplied by 100. ( F. Khan ) Percentage deepness dosage It depends upon a figure of parametric quantities beam energy, beam collimation, deepness D, field size degree Fahrenheit, and beginning to come up distance ( SSD ) .Beam ProfileThe uniformity of off axis deepness dosage normally called beam profile is measured by scanning the H2O apparition for assorted deepnesss both beam axes. Following parametric quantities are measured to look into the uniformity of the beam profiles.Two-dimensionalityTwo-dimensionality can be specified as a maximal allowable per centum fluctuation from the norm dose across the cardinal 80 % of the full breadth at half maximal ( FWHM ) of the profile in a plane transverse to the beam axis. That is, the two-dimensionality F is given by Two-dimensionality must be less than 3 % for mention field size 10 ten 10 centimeter measurings in H2O apparition at deepness of 10 centimeter and beginning to surface ( SSD ) .SymmetrySymmetry is frequently defined as a maximal allowable per centum divergence of the â€Å" left-side † dosage from the â€Å" right-side † dosage of a beam profile frequently at 80 % of the FWHM points. Symmetry must be less than 2 % for mention field size 10 ten 10 centimeter measurings at deepness of Dmax and 10 centimeter in H2O apparition at SSD 100 centimeter.Physical PenumbraThe penumbra, by and large defined as the sidelong distance between the 80 % and 20 % of upper limit dose points on one side of a beam profile, must be within specification. It depends upon deepness, SSD, beginning size, beginning to collimator distance and beam energy. ( Ervin page196 ) Since commissioning beam informations are treated as a mention and finally used by intervention be aftering systems, it is vitally of import that the collected informations are of the highest quality to avoid dosi metric and patient intervention mistakes that may later take to a hapless radiation result.Output FactorEnd product is defined as the ratio of the end product in air for a given field to that for a mention field. It is the merchandise of collimator spread factor and apparition spread factor. It depends upon field size. It increases with field size. It is measured for each field size at a fixed deepness Dmax.Wedge FactorThe cuneus factor is defined as the ratio of dosage at a specified deepness normally Dmax on the cardinal axis with the cuneus in the beam to the dosage under the same status without the cuneus. Wedge factor alterations at deepness as a map of cuneus angle fading coefficient and field size. It does non depend on deepness. Wedge factor for practical cuneus is one because the figure of monitor units entered at control console, are delivered at the cardinal axis.

Chinese experimental theatre is a hybrid product characterised by a Essay

Chinese experimental theatre is a hybrid product characterised by a convergence of extra- cultural and intra- cultural - Essay Example One of the most famous theater directors in China’s avant-garde theater is Meng Jinghui. Meng Jinghui became attracted to Chinese literature while completing his secondary school education. Meng Jinghui became interested in acting while pursuing an undergraduate degree at the Capital Normal University. Meng Jinghui perceives that his debut into acting was a causal attribution of a metamorphosis in his life. Meng Jinghui’s initial acting part was that of a Kuomintang infantryman, it was a silent part. Meng Jinghui’s first speaking acting part was as a chef where he stated: â€Å"Meal time, meal time†. Meng Jinghui acknowledges that the art of acting open a window for him to all of the advanced cultures of the world and their diverse literary perspectives. As a college senior, Meng Jinghui was introduced to avant- garde playwrighting when he readapted the Story of Western Chamber. This was a Yuan dynasty romantic opera. Meng Jinghui adapted the romantic oper a into a modern comedy with three distinct endings. One of the endings was an adaptation of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. While studying at the university, Meng Jinghui was able to interpret works by Pinter, Ionesco, Beckett and Genet. Meng Jinghui learned that farcical theatrical presentations reaffirmed the concepts which he would late apply. These concepts consisted of injecting comedy and musical interludes into his playwrighting. In 1992, Meng Jinghui was able to find suitable employment with the National Theatre Company of China. This occurred consequent to his graduation from the Capital Normal University (China Culture 2006). In the years which followed, Meng Jinghui directed over ten major Chinese theatrical presentations. Meng Jinghui’s major theatrical presentations include: Comrade AhQ, Waiting for Godot, The Accidental Death of an Anarchist, Rhinoceros in Love, Si Fan, The Balcony, I love XXX and Bootleg Faust. Meng Jinghui’s specialty is to dissect the work of other playwrights, reinterpret them and then to aggregate a comical and musical perspective to them. Meng Jinghui’s specialty also includes the ability to interpret these works and to present them within the parameters of the requisites of the Chinese government (China Culture 2006). Many of China’s leading playwrights have selected Henrik Ibsen’s style of realism as the predominant style in theatrical presentation. Other playwrights are considered in the production of Chinese theatre. These playwrights are Anton Checkhov, George Bernard Shaw, and Constantin Stanislavsky. Henrik Ibsen’s style of realism is considered in the light of China’s socio- economic context (Zhao 2010). Meng Jinghui’s theatrical presentations also represents and appeals to members of the audience who advocate change irrespective of gender (Roberts 2006). One of the most highly acclaimed modern drams in Chinese theatre is Rhinoceros in Love. This d rama tells the story of a zoological park attendant whose name is Ma Lu. Ma Lu becomes romantically and erotically obsessed with a woman who is beyond his reach Mingming. Ma Lu in his incessant desire for Mingming displays a twenty first century aspect of Chinese theatre. This aspect contrasts physical desires and spiritual desires (National Theatre of China 2011). Rhinoceros in Love tells the story of Ma Lu’s desire and the beautiful and non reactive Mingming. In the drama, Ma Lu attempts to elicit desire and jealousy from Mingming y pretending to acquire two girl